What does the research show about yoga?

Yoga

Pooled trials find yoga eases chronic back pain slightly against no exercise and no differently from other back exercise, stretching or physical therapy. It eased anxiety and depression symptoms and improved balance, flexibility and leg strength in older adults. Blood pressure fell against waiting list, not clearly against exercise. Musculoskeletal injuries, mostly sprains and strains, are the main reported harm.

Add to Bio HackChecked 2026-11-13

Status: A practice, not a regulated product.
Also called: hatha yoga, Iyengar yoga, viniyoga, Kundalini yoga, vinyasa, ashtanga, Bikram yoga, hot yoga, chair yoga, yoga asana, yoga postures, restorative yoga, yin yoga, pranayama, yoga nidra
Practiced for: back pain, neck pain, stress, anxiety, depression, mood, blood pressure, flexibility, balance, falls, strength, sleep, blood sugar, diabetes, cholesterol, cortisol, heart rate variability, detox, posture, period pain, PMS, PCOS

Strong several reviews agree · Moderate one review or consistent trials · Limited one or a few small studies · Untested no study in people, listed with what it rests on

Shown to help13

StrongShown to ease depression symptoms by a small to moderate amount, against waiting list, usual care and attention controls, and against active exercise comparisons in older adults.
StrongShown to improve balance by a small to moderate amount in adults aged 60 and over, in two meta-analyses. Whether this prevents falls was not tested.
ModerateShown to improve back function and pain slightly against no exercise in a Cochrane review, by amounts below the thresholds the reviewers set as clinically important.
ModerateShown to ease anxiety slightly against no treatment in one meta-analysis of 8 small trials, in people with raised anxiety. No effect appeared in diagnosed anxiety disorders.
ModerateShown to ease anxiety more than active comparisons in small pooled trials. In one trial of generalized anxiety disorder, Kundalini yoga beat stress education but fell short of CBT.
ModerateShown to lower blood pressure about 8/5 mm Hg against waiting list or usual care in people with raised blood pressure, in pooled trials rated very low in quality.
ModerateShown in one meta-analysis to lower cortisol, ambulatory systolic pressure, resting heart rate, fasting glucose and LDL cholesterol more than active control activities.
ModerateShown in one meta-analysis to lower HbA1c by 0.47 points and fasting glucose by 24 mg/dL in adults with type 2 diabetes, with high heterogeneity.
ModerateShown to improve lower body flexibility and leg strength in older adults against both inactive controls and active exercise controls, in one meta-analysis.
ModerateShown to improve self-rated sleep quality in older adults against inactive controls such as a waiting list, in one meta-analysis.
ModerateShown in one meta-analysis of 4 small trials to lower period pain more than no yoga in women with primary dysmenorrhea, with a wide margin of uncertainty.
ModerateShown in one review of 14 studies to ease overall PMS symptoms and most symptom areas except physical symptoms, in trials that varied widely.
ModerateShown in one small meta-analysis to lower menstrual irregularity, signs of excess androgens, fasting glucose and insulin resistance in women with PCOS, at low strength of evidence.

Reported risks5

ModerateShown to raise adverse events, mainly more back pain, against no exercise in back pain trials, at about 4.3% against 0.9%. Rates matched other exercise and usual care.Common
ModerateLinked to injuries or other adverse events in 4.6% of practitioners over 12 months in observational studies, mostly sprains and strains, with 1.9% serious.Common
LimitedLinked to 29,590 US emergency department visits from 2001 to 2014, mostly trunk sprains and strains, at the highest rate in people aged 65 and over.Rare
LimitedCase reports: 76 published cases of harm linked to yoga, most often after headstand, shoulder stand, lotus position or forceful breathing. One person died.How often is not known
LimitedOne small study found eye pressure rose within a minute in four head-down poses, from 17 to about 28 mm Hg in downward dog, returning to baseline within 2 minutes.How often is not known

What people practice it for, and what was found

Shown to help13

Moderate

Chronic low back pain, against no exercise

Shown to improve back function and pain slightly against no exercise in a Cochrane review, by amounts below the thresholds the reviewers set as clinically important.

Compared with waiting list, usual care or education [1]; a self-care book [2]; an educational book and newsletters [3]

The numbers and sources

Effect: At 3 months, back function improved 1.69 points on the 24-point Roland-Morris scale (95% CI -2.73 to -0.65, 11 trials, 1,155 participants, minimal clinically important difference 5 points) and pain fell 4.53 points on a 0 to 100 scale (95% CI -6.61 to -2.46, 9 trials, clinically important difference 15 points). More people rated their back pain improved or resolved (risk ratio 2.33, 95% CI 1.46 to 3.71) [1]. In 228 adults, function at 12 weeks was 2.5 points better with 12 yoga classes than with a self-care book (95% CI -3.7 to -1.3), and still 1.8 points better at 26 weeks [2]. In 320 mostly low-income adults, yoga was not superior to an educational book for function or pain at 12 weeks, and 21 percentage points fewer yoga participants used pain medication [3].
Population: 2,223 adults in 21 trials, mostly women in their 40s or 50s [1]. 228 primary care patients [2]. 320 racially diverse adults at a safety-net hospital and 7 health centers [3].
Sources: [1], [2], [3]
Caveats: Every trial was at high risk of performance and detection bias, and no trial compared yoga with sham yoga. The reviewers judged it unlikely that blinded comparisons would find a clinically important benefit [1].

Moderate

Anxiety, against no treatment

Shown to ease anxiety slightly against no treatment in one meta-analysis of 8 small trials, in people with raised anxiety. No effect appeared in diagnosed anxiety disorders.

Compared with no treatment [4]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Against no treatment, anxiety fell in the short term (SMD -0.43, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.11) and depression fell (SMD -0.35, 95% CI -0.66 to -0.04). No effects were found for people with anxiety disorders diagnosed by DSM criteria, only for those diagnosed by other methods and those with elevated anxiety without a formal diagnosis [4].
Population: 319 participants, mean age 30 to 38.5, in 8 trials [4].
Sources: [4]
Caveats: Few small trials with unclear risk of selection bias [4].

Moderate

Anxiety, against active comparisons

Shown to ease anxiety more than active comparisons in small pooled trials. In one trial of generalized anxiety disorder, Kundalini yoga beat stress education but fell short of CBT.

Compared with active comparators the source abstract does not describe [4]; stress education [5]; cognitive behavioral therapy [5]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Against active comparators, anxiety fell more with yoga (SMD -0.86, 95% CI -1.56 to -0.15) [4]. In 226 adults with generalized anxiety disorder, 54.2% responded to Kundalini yoga against 33.0% to stress education (odds ratio 2.46, 95% CI 1.12 to 5.42, number needed to treat 4.59) and 70.8% to CBT. Yoga did not meet the noninferiority test against CBT [5].
Population: Participants in the active-comparison trials of 8 [4]. 226 adults with a primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, mean age 33, 70% women [5].
Sources: [4], [5]
Caveats: The pooled active comparison rests on few trials with a wide interval [4]. Only 68.6% completed the post-treatment assessment in the anxiety disorder trial [5].

Strong

Depression symptoms

Shown to ease depression symptoms by a small to moderate amount, against waiting list, usual care and attention controls, and against active exercise comparisons in older adults.

Compared with waiting list, treatment as usual and attention control [6]; inactive controls such as a waiting list or education booklets [7]; active controls such as walking or chair aerobics [7]

The numbers and sources

Effect: In people with a diagnosed mental disorder, physically active yoga lowered depressive symptoms more than waiting list, usual care and attention control (standardized mean difference 0.41, p < 0.001, 13 trials), with larger reductions at more sessions a week [6]. In older adults without a specific condition, depression improved against inactive controls (effect size 0.64) and against active controls (effect size 0.54) [7].
Population: 632 adults with depression, post-traumatic stress, schizophrenia, anxiety, alcohol dependence or bipolar disorder in 13 trials [6]. Older adults with a mean age of 60 or above in 22 trials [7].
Sources: [6], [7]
Caveats: Trials were small, and nobody can be blinded to yoga.

Moderate

Blood pressure, against waiting list or usual care

Shown to lower blood pressure about 8/5 mm Hg against waiting list or usual care in people with raised blood pressure, in pooled trials rated very low in quality.

Compared with waiting list [8]; usual care [9]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Across 26 trials, systolic pressure fell 7.95 mm Hg (95% CI -10.24 to -5.66) and diastolic 4.93 mm Hg (95% CI -6.25 to -3.60) against waiting list, with high heterogeneity [8]. An earlier review found systolic pressure 9.65 mm Hg lower (95% CI -17.23 to -2.06) and diastolic 7.22 mm Hg lower against usual care, with effects in trials of people with hypertension and not in trials mixing hypertension and prehypertension [9].
Population: 2,283 people with prehypertension or hypertension in 30 trials [8]. 452 patients in 7 trials [9].
Sources: [8], [9]
Caveats: The two reviews come from overlapping authors, and the later one updates the earlier. Evidence quality was very low and heterogeneity high (I² 90%) [8][9].

Moderate

Stress hormones, heart rate and blood fats, against active controls

Shown in one meta-analysis to lower cortisol, ambulatory systolic pressure, resting heart rate, fasting glucose and LDL cholesterol more than active control activities.

Compared with active control interventions [11]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Across 42 trials, practices including yoga postures were associated with lower evening and waking cortisol, ambulatory systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and higher high-frequency heart rate variability, compared with active controls [11].
Population: Participants in 42 randomized trials in various populations [11].
Sources: [11]
Caveats: The abstract gives no effect sizes and describes the interventions as heterogeneous. Some included mindfulness-based stress reduction alongside postures [11].

Moderate

Blood sugar and blood fats in type 2 diabetes

Shown in one meta-analysis to lower HbA1c by 0.47 points and fasting glucose by 24 mg/dL in adults with type 2 diabetes, with high heterogeneity.

Compared with control groups including usual care or standard treatment [12]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Pooled differences were -23.72 mg/dL for fasting blood glucose (95% CI -37.78 to -9.65, I² 82%), -0.47% for HbA1c (95% CI -0.87 to -0.07, I² 82%), -17.38 mg/dL for glucose after meals, -18.50 mg/dL for total cholesterol, +4.30 mg/dL for HDL cholesterol and -12.95 mg/dL for LDL cholesterol. Triglycerides did not differ (-12.57 mg/dL, 95% CI -29.91 to 4.76) [12].
Population: 864 adults with type 2 diabetes in 12 trials [12].
Sources: [12]
Caveats: The authors note limited methods and heterogeneity, and long-term effects were not studied [12].

Strong

Balance and mobility in older adults

Shown to improve balance by a small to moderate amount in adults aged 60 and over, in two meta-analyses. Whether this prevents falls was not tested.

Compared with control groups the source abstract does not describe [13]; inactive controls such as a waiting list or education booklets [7]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Yoga improved balance performance (g = 0.40, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.65, 6 trials) and physical mobility (g = 0.50, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.95, 3 trials) [13]. In older adults without a specific condition, balance improved against inactive controls (effect size 0.7) [7].
Population: 307 people aged 60 and over in 6 trials [13]. Older adults in 22 trials [7].
Sources: [13], [7]
Caveats: The reviewers state that whether balance gains translate into fewer falls is unknown [13].

Moderate

Flexibility and leg strength in older adults

Shown to improve lower body flexibility and leg strength in older adults against both inactive controls and active exercise controls, in one meta-analysis.

Compared with inactive controls such as a waiting list or education booklets [7]; active controls such as walking or chair aerobics [7]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Against inactive controls, lower body flexibility improved (effect size 0.5) and lower limb strength improved (0.45). Against active controls, lower limb strength improved (0.49) and lower body flexibility improved (0.28) [7].
Population: Older adults with a mean age of 60 or above, not recruited for any condition, in 17 trials of physical function [7].
Sources: [7]
Caveats: The abstract gives no confidence intervals.

Moderate

Sleep quality in older adults

Shown to improve self-rated sleep quality in older adults against inactive controls such as a waiting list, in one meta-analysis.

Compared with inactive controls such as a waiting list or education booklets [7]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Against inactive controls, sleep quality improved (effect size 0.65), along with vitality (0.31) and perceived mental and physical health. Against active controls, only depression improved significantly among quality of life outcomes [7].
Population: Older adults in 20 trials of quality of life outcomes [7].
Sources: [7]
Caveats: Sleep was self-rated.

ModerateStudied in women

Period pain

Shown in one meta-analysis of 4 small trials to lower period pain more than no yoga in women with primary dysmenorrhea, with a wide margin of uncertainty.

Compared with not doing yoga [19]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Across 4 trials, a yoga program lowered period pain more than no yoga (SMD -2.09, 95% CI -3.99 to -0.19) [19].
Population: 230 women with primary dysmenorrhea, 129 doing yoga and 101 not [19].
Sources: [19]
Caveats: Four small trials, with a confidence interval that runs from a very large to a small effect. No trial compared yoga with another exercise [19].

ModerateStudied in women

PMS symptoms

Shown in one review of 14 studies to ease overall PMS symptoms and most symptom areas except physical symptoms, in trials that varied widely.

Compared with control groups the source abstract does not describe [20]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Across 11 pooled studies, yoga eased total PMS scores, and each symptom area except the physical one [20].
Population: Women with PMS in 14 studies, 11 of them pooled [20].
Sources: [20]
Caveats: The studies differed in design, yoga regimen and outcome tools, publication bias was possible, and the abstract gives no effect sizes [20].

ModerateStudied in women

Cycles, androgens and blood sugar in PCOS

Shown in one small meta-analysis to lower menstrual irregularity, signs of excess androgens, fasting glucose and insulin resistance in women with PCOS, at low strength of evidence.

Compared with controls the source abstract does not describe [21]; conventional physical activity, routine care or no intervention [22]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Pooling 2 RCTs, yoga lowered menstrual irregularity (MD -0.41, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.08), clinical hyperandrogenism (MD -0.70, 95% CI -1.15 to -0.26), fasting glucose (MD -0.22 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.44 to -0.01), fasting insulin (MD -28.21 pmol/L, 95% CI -43.79 to -12.63) and HOMA-IR (MD -0.86, 95% CI -1.29 to -0.43) [21]. A 2026 review of trials with 258 participants found fasting glucose fell 4.50 mg/dL more than in controls in one trial (95% CI 2.39 to 6.61) and did not differ significantly in another. In one trial, testosterone did not change significantly and LH fell [22].
Population: 515 women with PCOS in 11 studies, 2 RCTs pooled [21]; 258 women with PCOS in RCTs [22].
Sources: [21], [22]
Caveats: The authors of [21] rated the strength of evidence low. [22] could not pool its trials, and three of its five reports came from one trial.

Mixed results1

Moderate

Blood pressure, against exercise and other active comparisons

Mixed results: against active comparisons such as exercise, systolic pressure did not differ, and diastolic pressure fell about 2 mm Hg in one review.

Compared with active control interventions [8]; exercise [9]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Against active controls, systolic pressure differed by 4.16 mm Hg (95% CI -10.76 to 2.44, p = 0.22) and diastolic fell 1.88 mm Hg (95% CI -3.41 to -0.36), from 5 trials [8]. Against exercise, no evidence was found for effects on systolic or diastolic pressure [9]. An American Heart Association statement rated yoga Class III for lowering blood pressure in 2013 [10].
Population: 306 participants in 5 trials [8]. Patients with prehypertension or hypertension [9].
Sources: [8], [9], [10]
Caveats: Five small trials with very low quality evidence [8].

Not shown to help1

Moderate

Chronic low back pain, against other exercise

Not shown to improve back function or pain more than other back exercise, stretching classes or physical therapy. It was noninferior to physical therapy in one trial.

Compared with back-focused exercise such as physical therapy [1]; conventional stretching classes [2]; 15 physical therapy visits [3]

The numbers and sources

Effect: Against back-focused exercise at 3 months, back function differed by 0.38 points (95% CI -1.33 to 0.62, 4 trials, moderate certainty) and pain by 2.68 points on a 0 to 100 scale (95% CI -2.01 to 7.36, very low certainty) [1]. Yoga was not superior to conventional stretching exercises at any time point [2]. Yoga met the noninferiority margins against physical therapy for function and pain at 12 weeks, and both were maintained at 1 year [3].
Population: 912 participants in 8 trials [1]. 183 adults in the yoga and stretching arms [2]. 320 adults [3].
Sources: [1], [2], [3]
Caveats: Participants were not blinded, and the physical therapy group had more loss to follow-up [3].

Protocols studied

The back pain trials ran 12 weekly classes [2][3], and most trials in the Cochrane review used Iyengar, hatha or viniyoga [1]. The generalized anxiety trial used twelve 120-minute Kundalini yoga sessions in groups of 4 to 6 with 20 minutes of daily homework [5]. Blood pressure trials in one review lasted at least 8 weeks [9]. In people with mental disorders, more sessions a week went with larger falls in depressive symptoms [6]. The eye pressure study held four head-down poses for 2 minutes each [14].

Risks

Reported risks5

ModerateCommon

Adverse events in trials, mostly more back pain

Shown to raise adverse events, mainly more back pain, against no exercise in back pain trials, at about 4.3% against 0.9%. Rates matched other exercise and usual care.

The numbers and sources

How common: Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect: In back pain trials, adverse events at 6 to 12 months occurred in 43 per 1,000 with yoga and 9 per 1,000 with no exercise (risk ratio 4.76, 95% CI 2.08 to 10.89, low certainty), and in 84 per 1,000 with yoga and 91 per 1,000 with other exercise [1]. Across 94 trials with 8,430 participants, intervention-related, nonserious and serious adverse events did not differ between yoga and usual care or exercise. Against psychological or educational programs, yoga had more intervention-related (odds ratio 4.21) and nonserious adverse events (odds ratio 7.30), with similar serious events [15]. In the back pain trial against physical therapy, adverse events were mostly mild self-limited joint and back pain, as frequent as with physical therapy [3].
Population: 1,037 participants in 8 back pain trials [1]. 8,430 participants in 94 trials [15]. 320 adults [3].
Sources: [1], [15], [3]
Caveats: Only 94 of 301 trials reported on adverse events [15].

ModerateCommon

Injuries reported by people who practice

Linked to injuries or other adverse events in 4.6% of practitioners over 12 months in observational studies, mostly sprains and strains, with 1.9% serious.

The numbers and sources

How common: Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect: Across 9 observational studies, 22.7% of practitioners reported an adverse event during a yoga class, 12-month prevalence was 4.6% (95% CI 3.8% to 5.4%) and lifetime prevalence ranged from 21.3% to 61.8%. Serious adverse events occurred in 1.9%. Against people who did not practice, falls (odds ratio 0.90) and fall injuries (odds ratio 1.04) did not differ, and meniscus injuries were more common (odds ratio 1.72, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.41) [16].
Population: 9,129 yoga practitioners and 9,903 non-practitioners in 9 studies [16].
Sources: [16]
Caveats: Observational and self-reported. People who choose yoga may differ from those who do not.

LimitedRare

Emergency department visits for yoga injuries

Linked to 29,590 US emergency department visits from 2001 to 2014, mostly trunk sprains and strains, at the highest rate in people aged 65 and over.

The numbers and sources

How common: Rare: fewer than 1 in 1,000 people.
Effect: Of 29,590 yoga-related injuries seen in US emergency departments, 46.6% involved the trunk and 45.0% were sprains or strains. In 2014, the injury rate was 57.9 per 100,000 participants aged 65 and over, 17.7 at 45 to 64 and 11.9 at 18 to 44 [17].
Population: National Electronic Injury Surveillance System data, with participant numbers from national health surveys [17].
Sources: [17]
Caveats: Counts only injuries that reached an emergency department, and the participant denominators are survey estimates [17].

LimitedHow often is not known

Serious harms in case reports

Case reports: 76 published cases of harm linked to yoga, most often after headstand, shoulder stand, lotus position or forceful breathing. One person died.

The numbers and sources

How common: How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect: Of 76 cases in 35 case reports and 2 case series, 35.5% affected the musculoskeletal system, 18.4% the nervous system and 11.8% the eyes. Ten had preconditions, mainly glaucoma and osteopenia. Fifteen recovered fully, 9 partially, 1 not at all, and 1 died [18].
Population: 76 published cases [18].
Sources: [18]
Caveats: Case reports give no rate and outcomes were not reported for every case [18].

LimitedHow often is not known

Raised eye pressure in head-down poses

One small study found eye pressure rose within a minute in four head-down poses, from 17 to about 28 mm Hg in downward dog, returning to baseline within 2 minutes.

The numbers and sources

How common: How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect: All four poses raised intraocular pressure (P < 0.01). In downward facing dog it rose from 17 to 28 mm Hg in people with glaucoma and from 17 to 29 mm Hg in people without it. The rise did not differ between groups, and pressure returned to baseline within 2 minutes of sitting up [14].
Population: 10 people with primary open-angle glaucoma and 10 without [14].
Sources: [14]
Caveats: Twenty people and a short exposure. The authors state it is unknown whether these rises speed glaucoma progression [14].

Claims tested and not found

That yoga eases back pain more than other exercise. It did not differ from back-focused exercise [1], conventional stretching classes [2] or physical therapy [3].
That yoga matches CBT for generalized anxiety disorder. Kundalini yoga did not meet the noninferiority test against CBT, with 54.2% responding against 70.8% [5].
That yoga eases diagnosed anxiety disorders. Pooled trials found no effect in people with anxiety disorders diagnosed by DSM criteria [4].
That yoga lowers blood pressure more than exercise. No effect on systolic or diastolic pressure was found against exercise [9], and systolic pressure did not differ against active controls [8].
That yoga beats a self-help book for back pain in every population. In 320 mostly low-income adults, yoga was not superior to an educational book for function or pain [3].

Sources

Wieland LS, Skoetz N, Pilkington K, et al. Yoga for chronic non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010671.pub3
Sherman KJ, Cherkin DC, Wellman RD, et al. A randomized trial comparing yoga, stretching, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.524
Saper RB, Lemaster C, Delitto A, et al. Yoga, Physical Therapy, or Education for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2017. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2579
Cramer H, Lauche R, Anheyer D, et al. Yoga for anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Depression and Anxiety. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22762
Simon NM, Hofmann SG, Rosenfield D, et al. Efficacy of Yoga vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Stress Education for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2496
Brinsley J, Schuch F, Lederman O, et al. Effects of yoga on depressive symptoms in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101242
Sivaramakrishnan D, Fitzsimons C, Kelly P, et al. The effects of yoga compared to active and inactive controls on physical function and health related quality of life in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0789-2
Geiger C, Cramer H, Anheyer D, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of yoga for arterial hypertension. PLoS One. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323268
Cramer H, Haller H, Lauche R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of yoga for hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpu078
Brook RD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, et al. Beyond medications and diet: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0b013e318293645f
Pascoe MC, Thompson DR, Ski CF. Yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction and stress-related physiological measures: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.008
Cui J, Yan JH, Yan LM, et al. Effects of yoga in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. Journal of Diabetes Investigation. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12548
Youkhana S, Dean CM, Wolff M, et al. Yoga-based exercise improves balance and mobility in people aged 60 and over: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afv175
Jasien JV, Jonas JB, de Moraes CG, Ritch R. Intraocular Pressure Rise in Subjects with and without Glaucoma during Four Common Yoga Positions. PLoS One. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144505
Cramer H, Ward L, Saper R, et al. The Safety of Yoga: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv071
Cramer H, Ostermann T, Dobos G. Injuries and other adverse events associated with yoga practice: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.026
Swain TA, McGwin G. Yoga-Related Injuries in the United States From 2001 to 2014. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116671703
Cramer H, Krucoff C, Dobos G. Adverse events associated with yoga: a systematic review of published case reports and case series. PLoS One. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075515
Kim SD. Yoga for menstrual pain in primary dysmenorrhea: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.06.006
Pal A, Nath B, Paul S, Meena S. Evaluation of the effectiveness of yoga in management of premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482x.2022.2086457
Verma A, Upadhyay V, Saxena V. Effect of Yoga Therapy on Health Outcomes in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276211029221
Chauhan S, Muka T, Najaf SS, et al. Effects of yoga interventions on Anti-Müllerian hormone, androgen levels, and metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-026-05313-6

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