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Research · Medication

Trazodone

Trials found trazodone reduced depression symptoms more than placebo, with response similar to SSRIs. For insomnia, its common off-label use, meta-analyses of short trials found a small to moderate gain in self-rated sleep quality and mixed results on measured sleep. Drowsiness affected up to 41% in label trials. The label warns of priapism and heart rhythm changes.

Add to Bio HackChecked 2026-11-13
Status
Prescription drug in the US, FDA-approved for major depressive disorder in adults. It is not approved for insomnia, anxiety or erectile dysfunction, which are off-label uses.
Also called
trazodone hydrochloride, Desyrel, Oleptro, trazodone ER, trazodone extended release
Taken for
sleep, insomnia, depression, anxiety, staying asleep, sleep in dementia, erectile dysfunction

Strong several reviews agree · Moderate one review or consistent trials · Limited one or a few small studies · Untested no study in people, listed with what it rests on

Shown to help4

Reported risks19

What people take it for, and what was found

Shown to help4

Moderate

Depression in adults

Shown to reduce depression symptoms more than placebo in adults. Response matched SSRIs in one meta-analysis and ranked among the lower rates in another.

The numbers and sources
Effect
In a network meta-analysis of 522 trials, every antidepressant studied, trazodone among them, had a higher response rate than placebo, with odds ratios from 1.37 to 2.13. In head-to-head trials, trazodone was among the drugs with lower response rates (odds ratios 0.51 to 0.84) and among those with the most dropouts [1]. In a meta-analysis of trials against SSRIs, response was 61.1% on trazodone or the related drug nefazodone and 61.7% on SSRIs (RR 1.002, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.17), with no difference in discontinuation [2]. In a six-week trial of an extended-release form, Hamilton depression scores fell 11.4 points on trazodone and 9.3 on placebo [3]. In a trial against venlafaxine and placebo, both drugs beat placebo on some measures, and trazodone did more for sleep disturbance [4].
Population
116,477 adults in 522 trials [1]; adults in trials comparing trazodone or nefazodone with SSRIs [2]; adults with major depressive disorder in a six-week trial [3]; 225 adults with major depression, 149 completing six weeks [4].
Sources
[1], [2], [3], [4]
Caveats
[2] pooled trazodone with nefazodone and does not report trazodone alone. The two meta-analyses differ on how trazodone compares with other antidepressants. Trials lasted weeks.
Strong

Insomnia

Shown to improve self-rated sleep quality by a small to moderate amount in short trials of people with insomnia, with mixed results on measured sleep.

The numbers and sources
Effect
In seven placebo-controlled trials, people on trazodone rated their sleep quality higher (SMD -0.41, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.00) and woke less often (SMD -0.51, 95% CI -0.97 to -0.05). Sleep efficiency did not differ (SMD 0.09, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.38), nor did time to fall asleep or total sleep time [5]. A Cochrane review pooled three trazodone studies and found a similar gain in subjective sleep (SMD -0.34, 95% CI -0.66 to -0.02) and little or no difference in sleep efficiency on sleep-lab recordings (MD 1.38 percentage points, 95% CI -2.87 to 5.63) [6]. A meta-analysis of sleep-lab studies found longer total sleep time (39.88 minutes, 95% CI 14.44 to 65.32), a shorter time to persistent sleep (19.30 minutes) and fewer awakenings (SMD -0.67) [7]. A dose-response meta-analysis found improved subjective sleep quality (Cohen's d 0.67, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.98), with the benefit leveling off around 50 mg a day [8].
Population
429 patients in 7 trials [5]; 370 participants in 3 pooled trazodone studies [6]; 466 participants with insomnia disorder in 11 RCTs [7]; 1,366 participants in 13 RCTs [8].
Sources
[5], [6], [7], [8]
Caveats
Not an approved use. Trials were small and short, and the Cochrane review rated the evidence low quality and found no evidence on long-term use [6]. Heterogeneity was high in the dose-response analysis (I² 81%) [8]. The analyses disagree on total sleep time [5][7].
Limited

Sleep in dementia

One trial found trazodone 50 mg added about 42 minutes of night sleep over two weeks in 30 people with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Total night-time sleep rose by 42.46 minutes against placebo (95% CI 0.9 to 84.0) and sleep efficiency by 8.53 percentage points (95% CI 1.9 to 15.1). Night-time awakenings and daytime sleep changed little. No serious adverse effects were reported [9].
Population
30 people with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease in one trial within a Cochrane review [9].
Sources
[9]
Caveats
One small trial of two weeks, rated low certainty [9].
Limited

Generalized anxiety

One trial found 69% of completers on trazodone reported moderate to marked improvement in generalized anxiety over 8 weeks, against 47% on placebo.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Among completers, moderate to marked improvement was reported by 69% on trazodone, 73% on imipramine, 66% on diazepam and 47% on placebo. Diazepam led in the first 2 weeks, and trazodone reached a comparable effect from week 3 to week 8. People on the antidepressants reported more adverse effects than people on diazepam [10].
Population
Outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder in an 8-week placebo-controlled trial [10].
Sources
[10]
Caveats
One trial from 1993, reported for completers only, which its authors said needed replication. Not an approved use.

Not shown to help1

ModerateStudied in men

Erectile dysfunction

Not shown to improve erectile dysfunction: 37% responded on trazodone against 20% on placebo across six small trials, a difference that was not statistically significant.

The numbers and sources
Effect
A positive treatment response occurred in 37% on trazodone and 20% on placebo (relative benefit increase 1.6, 95% CI 0.8 to 3.3). Three of six trials showed an apparent benefit, significant in two. Benefit appeared greater at 150 to 200 mg a day than at 50 mg, and in men whose erectile dysfunction was psychological in origin. Dry mouth (19%), sedation (16%), dizziness (16%) and fatigue (15%) were reported on trazodone [11].
Population
396 men in 6 trials [11].
Sources
[11]
Caveats
The trials were small, brief, mixed in population and in some cases weak in method [11]. Not an approved use.

Doses studied

The label describes depression treatment starting at 150 mg a day in divided doses, raised by 50 mg every 3 to 4 days, up to 400 mg a day in outpatients and 600 mg a day in inpatients [12]. In the extended-release depression trial, the mean maximum daily dose was 310 mg [3].

Insomnia trials used far lower doses. One sleep-lab trial gave 50 mg 30 minutes before bed for 7 days [13], the dementia trial used 50 mg for two weeks [9], and a dose-response meta-analysis found the benefit for sleep quality leveled off around 50 mg a day [8]. The erectile dysfunction trials used 50 to 200 mg a day [11].

Risks

Reported risks18

ModerateVery common

Drowsiness and next-day impairment

Shown to cause drowsiness, in 41% of outpatients against 20% on placebo in depression trials, with small next-morning memory and balance deficits at 50 mg.

The numbers and sources
How common
Very common: more than 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In controlled depression trials, drowsiness occurred in 41% of outpatients on trazodone against 20% on placebo, and in 24% of inpatients against 6% [12]. In insomnia trials, daytime drowsiness was more frequent than in control groups (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.14 to 5.64) [7]. In people with insomnia given 50 mg at bedtime, tests the next morning showed small but significant impairments of short-term memory, verbal learning, balance and arm muscle endurance [13]. The label states trazodone may impair the mental or physical ability needed for hazardous tasks such as driving [12].
Population
157 outpatients and 142 inpatients on trazodone, 158 and 95 on placebo [12]; 466 participants in 11 insomnia RCTs [7]; 16 adults with primary insomnia, mean age 44, in a crossover trial [13].
Sources
[12], [7], [13]
Caveats
The label rates come from depression doses. The next-morning testing was in 16 people [13].
ModerateVery common

Dizziness, low blood pressure and fainting

Shown to cause dizziness in 20% to 28% against 5% to 15% on placebo, with low blood pressure in 4% to 7% and fainting in 3% to 5%.

The numbers and sources
How common
Very common: more than 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In controlled depression trials, dizziness or light-headedness occurred in 28% of outpatients on trazodone against 15% on placebo and 20% of inpatients against 5%. Hypotension occurred in 4% against 0 and 7% against 1%, and syncope in 5% against 1% and 3% against 2% [12]. The label states that a blood pressure medicine taken at the same time may need a lower dose [12]. In older outpatients with hypertension, trazodone users had a larger drop in blood pressure on standing (systolic 23.8 vs 14.3 mm Hg) and more syncope and falls (58.3% vs 21.2%) [16].
Population
157 outpatients and 142 inpatients on trazodone, 158 and 95 on placebo [12]; 123 outpatients with hypertension, mean age 81, of whom 12 took trazodone [16].
Sources
[12], [16]
Caveats
The observational study had 12 trazodone users, and its association weakened after adjusting for a dementia diagnosis [16].
ModerateVery common

Dry mouth, blurred vision and other common side effects

Shown to raise dry mouth, blurred vision, swelling and fatigue against placebo, with dry mouth in 34% of outpatients against 20% on placebo.

The numbers and sources
How common
Very common: more than 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In outpatient depression trials: dry mouth 34% vs 20% on placebo, blurred vision 15% vs 4%, skin condition or edema 7% vs 1%, nasal congestion 6% vs 3% and diarrhea 5% vs 1%. In inpatient trials: dry mouth 15% vs 8%, fatigue 11% vs 4%, nausea or vomiting 10% vs 1% and incoordination 5% vs 0 [12]. In insomnia trials, decreased appetite was more frequent than in control groups (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.14 to 6.92) [7].
Population
157 outpatients and 142 inpatients on trazodone, 158 and 95 on placebo [12]; 466 participants in 11 insomnia RCTs [7].
Sources
[12], [7]
Caveats
Small, older trials at depression doses. Rates at the lower doses used for sleep may differ.
ModerateCommon

FDA boxed warning: suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young people

FDA states antidepressants raised suicidal thoughts and behaviors in pediatric and young adult patients in short-term trials, 14 more cases per 1,000 under age 18.

The numbers and sources
How common
Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect
The trazodone label carries the antidepressant boxed warning. In FDA's pooled analyses of placebo-controlled antidepressant trials, the difference between drug and placebo in cases of suicidal thoughts or behaviors per 1,000 patients treated was 14 more under age 18, 5 more at ages 18 to 24, 1 fewer at ages 25 to 64 and 6 fewer at 65 and older [12]. In the pediatric analysis, the risk ratio for all antidepressants across all indications was 1.95 (95% CI 1.28 to 2.98), a risk difference of 0.02 [14]. In adults with psychiatric indications, the odds ratio for suicidal behavior or ideation was 1.62 (95% CI 0.97 to 2.71) under age 25, 0.79 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.98) at 25 to 64 and 0.37 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.76) at 65 and older [15].
Population
Placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants in adults and pediatric patients pooled by FDA [12][14][15].
Sources
[12], [14], [15]
Caveats
The pooled analyses cover antidepressants as a group, not trazodone alone. The label reports differences from placebo, not absolute rates, so the band above is the excess under age 18. The trials were short, and the label states it is unknown whether the risk extends beyond four months.
LimitedHow often is not known

Falls in older adults

Linked to falls in older adults in observational studies, at a rate similar to antipsychotics in people with dementia.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
Among Medicare beneficiaries with insomnia, those receiving an insomnia medicine had more falls than matched controls (OR 2.34, 95% CI 2.31 to 2.36), with the greatest risk on benzodiazepines or trazodone [17]. In older adults with dementia, trazodone had rates of falls or major fractures similar to atypical antipsychotics (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.07) and a lower rate of death (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.85) [18].
Population
1,699,913 Medicare beneficiaries, mean age 75 [17]; 6,588 older adults with dementia dispensed trazodone and 2,875 dispensed an atypical antipsychotic, 95% at low doses [18].
Sources
[17], [18]
Caveats
Observational. The authors of [17] note that use of these medicines may mark underlying illness. [18] compared trazodone with another drug, not with no treatment. Neither abstract gives an absolute fall rate for trazodone.
LimitedHow often is not known

Sexual side effects

The label lists impotence, retrograde ejaculation and changes in libido among reactions seen in under 2% of people in controlled trials.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label lists impotence, retrograde ejaculation, increased libido, early menses and missed periods among adverse reactions occurring at an incidence under 2% in controlled studies. It gives no placebo rates for these [12].
Population
Adults in controlled depression studies [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
The label gives only an upper bound of 2% and no comparator, so no band can be set. See priapism below.
LimitedStudied in menHow often is not known

Priapism

The label warns of priapism, a painful erection lasting more than 6 hours, in men taking trazodone. It gives no rate.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label reports cases of priapism in men receiving trazodone and states that untreated priapism can cause irreversible damage to erectile tissue [12]. In a case series, episodes lasted a mean of 26.5 hours, trazodone dose did not differ between affected men and controls, and some men had lasting depressive, anxiety and sexual symptoms at follow-up [19].
Population
Postmarketing reports [12]; men with trazodone-associated priapism compared with trazodone users without it [19].
Sources
[12], [19]
Caveats
Reports with no denominator. The abstract of the case series does not give the number of men [19].
LimitedHow often is not known

Heart rhythm and QT interval

The label warns trazodone prolongs the QT interval and reports torsade de pointes at doses of 100 mg or less. It gives no rate.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label states that clinical studies indicate trazodone may be arrhythmogenic in people with existing heart disease, with premature ventricular beats, ventricular couplets, tachycardia with fainting and torsade de pointes identified. Postmarketing events including torsade de pointes have been reported at 100 mg a day or less. It names other QT-prolonging drugs as adding to the risk, including some antiarrhythmics, some antipsychotics and the antibiotic gatifloxacin, and drugs that block trazodone's breakdown such as itraconazole, clarithromycin and voriconazole [12].
Population
Clinical studies and postmarketing reports summarized in labeling [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
No rate and no placebo comparison are given.
LimitedHow often is not known

Serotonin syndrome

The label warns that trazodone can cause serotonin syndrome, more often with other serotonergic drugs. It gives no rate.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label states that taking trazodone with other serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Its examples are triptans, tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin reuptake inhibitors, fentanyl, tramadol, lithium, tryptophan, buspirone and St. John's Wort [12].
Population
Labeling statement [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
A label warning with no denominator.
LimitedHow often is not known

Use with MAOIs

The label lists MAOIs as a contraindication because the combination increases the risk of serotonin syndrome.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label states that trazodone is contraindicated in people taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, including the antibiotic linezolid and intravenous methylene blue. Its examples are isocarboxazid, moclobemide, phenelzine, selegiline and tranylcypromine [12].
Population
Labeling statement [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
The label gives no rate.
LimitedHow often is not known

Bleeding, and use with NSAIDs or blood thinners

The label states that trazodone, like other drugs acting on serotonin reuptake, increases bleeding risk, and that NSAIDs, aspirin and anticoagulants may add to it.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label states that drugs interfering with serotonin reuptake, including trazodone, increase the risk of bleeding events, from bruising and nosebleeds to life-threatening hemorrhage, citing case reports and epidemiological studies of gastrointestinal bleeding. It names aspirin, NSAIDs, other antiplatelet drugs, warfarin, rivaroxaban, dabigatran and clopidogrel as adding to the risk [12].
Population
Labeling statement drawn from studies of serotonin reuptake drugs as a group [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
No study of bleeding on trazodone alone was located, and the label gives no rate.
LimitedHow often is not known

Alcohol and other sedating drugs

The label states trazodone may enhance the response to alcohol, barbiturates and other central nervous system depressants. It gives no rate.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label lists alcohol and barbiturates as examples of central nervous system depressants whose effects trazodone may enhance [12].
Population
Labeling statement [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
No study data are given in the label.
LimitedHow often is not known

Drinking after alcohol detox

One trial found people given trazodone for sleep after alcohol detox improved less in days abstinent and drank more per drinking day after stopping it.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
Sleep quality improved on trazodone while it was taken and matched placebo once it was stopped. The trazodone group improved less in the proportion of days abstinent during treatment, and had an increase of 4.6 drinks per drinking day (95% CI 2.1 to 7.1) after the medication ended [20].
Population
173 adults with sleep disturbance after alcohol detoxification, 88 on trazodone and 85 on placebo, followed 6 months [20].
Sources
[20]
Caveats
One trial in a specific group. It reports changes in drinking, not a rate of harm.
LimitedHow often is not known

Changed drug levels with other medicines

The label states that strong blockers of one liver enzyme raise trazodone levels, inducers lower them, and trazodone can raise digoxin and phenytoin levels.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label states that strong CYP3A4 inhibitors raise trazodone exposure, giving itraconazole, ketoconazole, clarithromycin and indinavir as examples, and that this may increase the risk of adverse reactions including cardiac arrhythmias. Strong inducers lower it, with rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin and St. John's wort as examples. Trazodone can increase blood levels of digoxin and phenytoin [12].
Population
Labeling statements drawn from drug interaction studies [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
Changes in drug levels, with no rate of harm.
LimitedHow often is not known

Symptoms after stopping

Case reports: three people developed withdrawal symptoms despite gradual tapering. Pooled reviews of antidepressants give no rate for trazodone alone.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
A report describes three people who developed withdrawal symptoms although therapeutic doses of trazodone were stopped gradually [21]. The label lists nausea, sweating, low mood, irritability, dizziness, electric shock sensations, anxiety, insomnia and tinnitus among reactions after stopping serotonergic antidepressants [12]. Across antidepressants as a group, a meta-analysis found at least one discontinuation symptom in 31% of people stopping a drug and 17% stopping placebo [22].
Population
Three case reports [21]; 21,002 patients in 79 studies of antidepressants [22].
Sources
[21], [12], [22]
Caveats
The abstract of [22] names no figure for trazodone, so the pooled rate is context and not a trazodone rate. No systematic review of trazodone discontinuation was located.
LimitedHow often is not known

Low sodium

The label warns that low blood sodium may occur, with cases below 110 mmol/L reported for this drug class. It gives no rate.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label states that hyponatremia may occur, in many cases through inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, and that older people, people on diuretics and people who are volume-depleted may be at greater risk [12].
Population
Labeling statement for serotonergic antidepressants [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
No rate is given for trazodone.
LimitedHow often is not known

Mania or hypomania

The label warns that an antidepressant can trigger a manic episode in people with bipolar disorder. It gives no rate.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label states that activation of mania or hypomania has been reported in a small proportion of people with major affective disorder treated with antidepressants [12].
Population
Labeling statement [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
No number is given.
LimitedHow often is not known

Angle-closure glaucoma

The label warns that pupil widening on antidepressants can trigger an angle-closure attack in people with untreated narrow angles. It gives no rate.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label states that the pupillary dilation that follows use of many antidepressants, including trazodone, may trigger an angle-closure attack in a person with anatomically narrow angles who has not had an iridectomy [12].
Population
Labeling statement [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
No rate and no trial data are given.

Mixed results1

LimitedCommon

Weight change

Mixed results: in outpatient depression trials both weight gain, 5% against 2% on placebo, and weight loss, 6% against 3%, were reported more often on trazodone.

The numbers and sources
How common
Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In outpatient trials, weight gain was reported by 5% on trazodone and 2% on placebo, and weight loss by 6% and 3%. In inpatient trials, weight gain was reported by 1% and 0 [12].
Population
157 outpatients and 142 inpatients on trazodone, 158 and 95 on placebo [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
Small trials reporting weight as an adverse event, with no measured change in kilograms.

Checked, no increase found1

Limited

Pregnancy

Not linked to birth defects or miscarriage in the published cohort studies, case series and case reports summarized in the label.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label states that published prospective cohort studies, case series and case reports over several decades have not identified drug-associated risks of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. In animals, fetal harm was seen at about 7 to 22 times the maximum human dose [12].
Population
Published studies and reports of use in pregnant women, summarized in labeling without counts [12].
Sources
[12]
Caveats
The label gives no numbers, and the underlying studies are small.

Claims tested and not found

  1. That trazodone raises sleep efficiency in people with insomnia. Sleep efficiency did not differ from placebo in a meta-analysis of seven trials (SMD 0.09, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.38) [5] or in two sleep-lab studies in a Cochrane review (MD 1.38 percentage points, 95% CI -2.87 to 5.63) [6].
  2. That trazodone treats erectile dysfunction. Across six trials, the response rate did not differ significantly from placebo [11].
  3. That trazodone causes fewer falls than antipsychotics in older adults with dementia. Falls and major fractures occurred at similar rates on trazodone and atypical antipsychotics (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.07) [18].
  4. That trazodone outperforms SSRIs for depression. Response was 61.1% on trazodone or nefazodone and 61.7% on SSRIs [2].
  5. That better sleep on trazodone helps people stay sober after alcohol detox. Sleep improved, but the trazodone group improved less in days abstinent than the placebo group [20].

Sources

  1. Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7
  2. Papakostas GI, Fava M. A meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing the serotonin (5HT)-2 receptor antagonists trazodone and nefazodone with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depressive disorder. European Psychiatry. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.1220
  3. Sheehan DV, Croft HA, Gossen ER, et al. Extended-release Trazodone in Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2009. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19724732/
  4. Cunningham LA, Borison RL, Carman JS, et al. A Comparison of Venlafaxine, Trazodone, and Placebo in Major Depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199404000-00003
  5. Yi XY, Ni SF, Ghadami MR, et al. Trazodone for the treatment of insomnia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Sleep Medicine. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.01.010
  6. Everitt H, Baldwin DS, Stuart B, et al. Antidepressants for insomnia in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010753.pub2
  7. Zheng Y, Lv T, Wu J, et al. Trazodone changed the polysomnographic sleep architecture in insomnia disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18776-7
  8. Yang X, Fang S, Sun L, et al. Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Trazodone in Insomnia Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Clinical Drug Investigation. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-026-01607-2
  9. McCleery J, Sharpley AL. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009178.pub4
  10. Rickels K, Downing R, Schweizer E, et al. Antidepressants for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Imipramine, Trazodone, and Diazepam. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820230054005
  11. Fink HA, MacDonald R, Rutks IR, et al. Trazodone for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU International. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04358.x
  12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Trazodone hydrochloride tablets, prescribing information (American Health Packaging). 2026. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=094ca37b-3ae2-4889-9536-e7e5f20e3105
  13. Roth AJ, McCall WV, Liguori A. Cognitive, psychomotor and polysomnographic effects of trazodone in primary insomniacs. Journal of Sleep Research. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00928.x
  14. Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J. Suicidality in Pediatric Patients Treated With Antidepressant Drugs. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.332
  15. Stone M, Laughren T, Jones ML, et al. Risk of suicidality in clinical trials of antidepressants in adults: analysis of proprietary data submitted to US Food and Drug Administration. BMJ. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2880
  16. Rivasi G, Capacci M, Del Re LM, et al. Trazodone and Risk of Orthostatic Hypotension, Syncope and Falls in Geriatric Outpatients with Hypertension. Drugs & Aging. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-025-01196-3
  17. Amari DT, Juday T, Frech FH, et al. Falls, healthcare resources and costs in older adults with insomnia treated with zolpidem, trazodone, or benzodiazepines. BMC Geriatrics. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03165-6
  18. Watt JA, Gomes T, Bronskill SE, et al. Comparative risk of harm associated with trazodone or atypical antipsychotic use in older adults with dementia: a retrospective cohort study. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180551
  19. Dąbrowski H, Ząbkowski T, Ciechan K, et al. Clinical Observations of Psychiatric and Sexual Outcomes in Patients with Trazodone-Associated Ischemic Priapism. Medicina. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62040612
  20. Friedmann PD, Rose JS, Swift R, et al. Trazodone for Sleep Disturbance After Alcohol Detoxification: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00742.x
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