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Research · Medication

Topiramate

Meta-analyses found topiramate cut migraine attacks by about 1.2 a month against placebo in adults, about doubled the share of responders, and lowered weight by about 5 kg in adults with obesity. A trial in children found no migraine benefit. Tingling, memory and word-finding problems were common. Infants exposed in pregnancy had more oral clefts.

Add to Bio HackChecked 2026-11-13
Status
Prescription drug in the US. FDA-approved as single-drug or add-on treatment for partial-onset and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures from age 2, add-on treatment for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome seizures, and preventive treatment of migraine from age 12. Topiramate alone is not approved for weight loss. A combination of phentermine and topiramate is approved for weight management and has its own page.
Also called
topiramate, Topamax, Trokendi XR, Qudexy XR, Eprontia, TPM
Taken for
migraine prevention, headache prevention, epilepsy, seizures, weight loss, appetite control, binge eating, alcohol use, quitting smoking

Strong several reviews agree · Moderate one review or consistent trials · Limited one or a few small studies · Untested no study in people, listed with what it rests on

Shown to help6

Reported risks15

What people take it for, and what was found

Shown to help6

Strong

Migraine prevention in adults

Shown to cut migraine frequency by about 1.2 attacks a month against placebo in adults, with about 4 treated for one extra person whose attacks halved.

Compared with placebo [1][2][3]; amitriptyline and other preventive drugs, in network comparisons [2]

The numbers and sources
Effect
Across nine trials, topiramate reduced headache frequency by 1.20 attacks per 28 days more than placebo (95% CI -1.59 to -0.80) and doubled the share of people whose attacks halved (RR 2.02, 95% CI 1.57 to 2.60), a number needed to treat of 4 (95% CI 3 to 6). Effects were similar at 50, 100 and 200 mg [1]. A network meta-analysis found 1.1 fewer headaches a month than placebo (95% CI -1.9 to -0.73) and ranked amitriptyline above topiramate [2]. In the two label trials, monthly migraines fell by 2.1 on 100 mg against 0.8 and 1.1 on placebo, from about 5.5 at baseline [3].
Population
1,737 adults in nine trials for frequency and 1,190 for responders [1]; randomized trials of adults with migraine [2]; 937 people aged 12 to 70 in two 26-week trials [3].
Sources
[1], [2], [3]
Caveats
The network comparison with amitriptyline is indirect, and its abstract calls the evidence for amitriptyline's superiority weak [2].
Moderate

Chronic migraine

Shown to cut monthly migraine days modestly against placebo in chronic migraine, with the most dropouts for side effects among the treatments compared.

Compared with placebo, botulinum toxin and acupuncture [4]

The numbers and sources
Effect
In a network meta-analysis, topiramate lowered monthly migraine days more than placebo (SMD -0.4, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.04) and did not differ significantly from botulinum toxin. It caused the most treatment-related adverse events and the highest rate of dropouts for adverse events [4].
Population
2,545 people in 15 trials, 582 in the topiramate comparisons [4].
Sources
[4]
Caveats
One network meta-analysis, with few direct comparisons between treatments [4].
Moderate

Drug-resistant focal epilepsy, added to other seizure drugs

Shown to make a halving of seizures about 2.7 times as likely as placebo when added to other drugs, with more effect at higher doses and more withdrawals.

Compared with placebo added to existing seizure drugs [6]

The numbers and sources
Effect
A 50% or greater fall in seizure frequency was more likely on add-on topiramate than placebo (RR 2.71, 95% CI 2.05 to 3.59), and the odds rose 1.45 times per 200 mg a day increase. Seizure freedom was more likely (RR 3.67, 95% CI 1.79 to 7.54), and so was stopping treatment (RR 2.37, 95% CI 1.66 to 3.37) [6].
Population
1,650 participants in 12 trials with 11 to 19 weeks of double-blind treatment [6].
Sources
[6]
Caveats
The review found evidence of publication bias for the main outcome [6].
Strong

Weight loss

Shown to lower weight by about 5.3 kg more than placebo in adults with overweight or obesity, and 3.4 kg in adults with type 2 diabetes, with more adverse events.

Compared with placebo [7][8][3]

The numbers and sources
Effect
Across 10 trials of at least 16 weeks, topiramate lowered weight 5.34 kg more than placebo (95% CI -6.12 to -4.56), and 6.58 kg in trials longer than 28 weeks at 96 to 200 mg a day. Withdrawal for adverse events was more likely (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.29) [7]. In adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes, topiramate alone lowered weight 3.4 kg more than placebo (95% CI -3.79 to -3.04) and HbA1c by 0.4 points (95% CI -0.58 to -0.32), with more serious adverse events (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.87) [8]. In the label's migraine trials, mean weight fell 2% at 50 mg, 3% at 100 mg and 4% at 200 mg, against 0% on placebo [3].
Population
3,320 adults with overweight or obesity in 10 trials [7]; adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes in 5 trials [8]; adults in migraine trials [3].
Sources
[7], [8], [3]
Caveats
Topiramate alone is not approved for weight loss. All but one diabetes trial had high risk of bias [8].
Moderate

Binge eating disorder

Shown to reduce binge episodes by about 1.3 a week and weight by about 4.9 kg against placebo in binge eating disorder, with more withdrawals for safety reasons.

Compared with placebo, with or without psychotherapy [9]

The numbers and sources
Effect
Topiramate lowered binge episodes per week (MD -1.31, 95% CI -2.58 to -0.03), binge days per week (MD -0.98, 95% CI -1.80 to -0.16) and weight (MD -4.91 kg, 95% CI -6.42 to -3.41). Withdrawals for safety reasons were more frequent (RR 1.90, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.18) [9].
Population
528 people with binge eating disorder in 3 trials [9].
Sources
[9]
Caveats
Only three trials, with very high heterogeneity for binge outcomes (I² 94%) [9].
Moderate

Drinking in alcohol use disorder

Shown to lower total alcohol consumption against placebo in adults with alcohol dependence, with no trial powered to show health benefits.

Compared with placebo, and indirectly nalmefene, naltrexone and acamprosate [10]

The numbers and sources
Effect
Topiramate reduced total alcohol consumption against placebo (SMD -0.77, 95% CI -1.12 to -0.42, I² 0%). Indirect comparisons suggested larger effects than nalmefene, naltrexone and acamprosate. No treatment showed harm reduction [10].
Population
6,036 adults with alcohol dependence or alcohol use disorder who were still drinking, in 32 trials across five drugs [10].
Sources
[10]
Caveats
81% of the trials had a risk of incomplete outcome data, and none was powered for health outcomes [10].

Mixed results2

LimitedStudied in children

Migraine prevention in children and teenagers

Small trials found mixed results in children and teenagers: one label trial found fewer attacks at 100 mg, while a larger trial found no difference from placebo.

Compared with placebo [5][3]; amitriptyline [5]

The numbers and sources
Effect
In the trial behind the approval for ages 12 to 17, 100 mg reduced the monthly attack rate by 28% more than placebo, with a mean drop of 3.0 against 1.7 attacks [3]. In a later trial in ages 8 to 17, stopped early for futility, headache days halved in 55% on topiramate, 52% on amitriptyline and 61% on placebo, with no difference in disability [5].
Population
103 adolescents aged 12 to 17 over 16 weeks [3]; 361 children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 over 24 weeks, 328 analyzed [5].
Sources
[3], [5]
Caveats
The placebo response in the later trial was high. Paresthesia (31% against 8%) and weight loss (8% against 0%) were more common on topiramate [5].
Moderate

Quitting smoking

Mixed results: topiramate raised quit rates at 4 to 12 weeks against placebo, but prolonged abstinence did not differ in a meta-analysis of five trials.

Compared with placebo [11]

The numbers and sources
Effect
Prolonged abstinence did not differ from placebo (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.57 to 2.5). Abstinence at single time points was higher at weeks 4, 6, 8 and 12, with an OR of 2.45 (95% CI 1.37 to 4.39) at week 12 [11].
Population
Smokers in 5 trials [11].
Sources
[11]
Caveats
Few trials, and publication bias could not be excluded [11].

Doses studied

The label recommends 100 mg a day in two divided doses for migraine prevention, reached in 25 mg weekly steps, and its migraine trials compared 50, 100 and 200 mg a day [3]. For epilepsy the label lists 400 mg a day as the single-drug target and 200 to 400 mg a day as add-on treatment in adults [3]. The weight loss trials that lost the most weight used 96 to 200 mg a day [7]. The children's migraine trial used 2 mg/kg a day [5].

Risks

Reported risks15

ModerateVery common

Memory, concentration and word-finding problems (label warning)

Shown to raise thinking problems: 22% at 100 mg against 10% on placebo in migraine trials, and up to 56% at high doses with fast titration.

The numbers and sources
How common
Very common: more than 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In 6-month migraine trials with slow titration, one or more cognitive adverse reactions occurred in 19% at 50 mg, 22% at 100 mg and 28% at 200 mg, against 10% on placebo. In add-on epilepsy trials with fast titration, they occurred in about 42% at 200 to 400 mg and 56% at 800 to 1,000 mg, against 14% on placebo [3]. In the migraine trials, difficulty with memory occurred in 7% at 100 mg against 2%, difficulty with concentration in 6% against 2%, language problems in 6% against 2% and mood problems in 6% against 2% [3]. A Cochrane review of add-on epilepsy trials found risk ratios of 7.81 for concentration difficulties and 5.70 for abnormal thinking [6].
Population
1,135 adults on topiramate and 445 on placebo in migraine trials, and adults in epilepsy trials [3]; 1,650 participants in 12 trials [6].
Sources
[3], [6]
Caveats
The label states that faster titration and higher starting doses raised these effects, and that they often began during titration and sometimes persisted [3].
ModerateVery common

Tingling, taste change, appetite loss and stomach effects

Shown to cause tingling in about half of people at 100 mg, 51% against 6% on placebo, along with appetite loss, taste change, nausea and diarrhea.

The numbers and sources
How common
Very common: more than 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In migraine trials at 100 mg, paresthesia occurred in 51% against 6% on placebo, anorexia in 15% against 6%, nausea in 13% against 8%, diarrhea in 11% against 4%, weight loss in 9% against 1%, and taste change in 8% against 1% (15% at 50 mg). 25% stopped topiramate for an adverse reaction, against 10% on placebo, most often for paresthesia (7%) [3]. In weight loss trials, paresthesia, taste impairment and psychomotor effects were the most common adverse events [7].
Population
386 adults on 100 mg, 235 on 50 mg and 445 on placebo [3]; 6,620 people in weight trials [7].
Sources
[3], [7]
Caveats
Most of these effects were more frequent during titration than during maintenance [3].
ModerateVery common

Sleepiness and fatigue

Shown to raise sleepiness and fatigue, about twice as often as placebo in add-on epilepsy trials, with fatigue in 15% against 11% in migraine trials.

The numbers and sources
How common
Very common: more than 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In migraine trials at 100 mg, fatigue occurred in 15% against 11% on placebo and sleepiness in 7% against 5%, both rising with dose [3]. In add-on epilepsy trials, the risk ratios against placebo were 2.44 for sleepiness, 2.08 for fatigue, 1.52 for dizziness and 2.29 for unsteadiness [6].
Population
Adults in migraine trials [3]; 1,650 participants in 12 epilepsy trials [6].
Sources
[3], [6]
Caveats
The label states sleepiness and fatigue were the most frequent reactions in add-on epilepsy trials [3].
ModerateVery common

Metabolic acidosis

The label reports that topiramate lowers blood bicarbonate, in up to 67% of children in trials against 10% on placebo, and by about 4 mEq/L in adults at 400 mg.

The numbers and sources
How common
Very common: more than 1 in 10 people.
Effect
Topiramate causes a non-anion gap metabolic acidosis through bicarbonate loss in the kidney. Bicarbonate fell by an average of 4 mEq/L at 400 mg a day in adults. In children's add-on trials, a decreased bicarbonate occurred in up to 67% on topiramate and 10% on placebo, and a markedly low value in up to 11% against 2% or less. The label states chronic acidosis may raise the risk of kidney stones and bone loss and slow growth in children [3].
Population
Adults and children in clinical trials [3].
Sources
[3]
Caveats
The highest rates were in children at about 6 mg/kg a day. Severe drops below 10 mEq/L were rare [3].
LimitedVery common

High ammonia, and low body temperature with valproate

The label reports raised blood ammonia, in 26% of teenagers on 100 mg against 9% on placebo, and more often with valproate, sometimes with confusion or low body temperature.

The numbers and sources
How common
Very common: more than 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In adolescents in migraine trials, hyperammonemia occurred in 26% on 100 mg, 14% on 50 mg and 9% on placebo. Hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy was reported more often with valproic acid, including in people who tolerated either drug alone. Hypothermia below 35 °C has been reported with the combination, with or without high ammonia [3].
Population
Adolescents aged 12 to 17 in migraine trials, and postmarketing reports [3].
Sources
[3]
Caveats
The trial rate is from adolescents. Some cases had no symptoms [3].
LimitedStudied in childrenVery common

Bone density and growth in children

One small trial in children found lower bone density gains on topiramate, with 21% losing a clinically important amount against none on the comparison drug, and slower weight gain.

The numbers and sources
How common
Very common: more than 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In a one-year active-controlled trial, topiramate lowered lumbar spine and whole-body bone mineral density, and 21% had a clinically important fall (Z score change of -0.5 or more) against 0 in the control group. Serum parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D fell, and urinary calcium rose. Mean annual weight gain was lower than on the comparison drug, with a similar trend for height [3].
Population
63 children with epilepsy, as reported in the label [3].
Sources
[3]
Caveats
Too small and short to judge fracture risk [3].
ModerateStudied in pregnancyCommon

Pregnancy: oral clefts and small babies (label warning)

The label warns that topiramate in pregnancy raised oral clefts, about 12.5 times the background rate in one registry, and small-for-age newborns, 19.7% against 5.4%.

The numbers and sources
How common
Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In the North American registry, oral clefts occurred in 1.4% of infants exposed in the first trimester, against 0.3% with a comparison seizure drug and 0.11% with no exposure (RR 12.5, 95% CI 5.9 to 26.37 against an untreated background). Excluding clefts, major malformations occurred in 4.1%, 1.8% and 1.1%. A UK register found clefts in 3.2%, 16 times its background. Small-for-age newborns were 19.7% against 7.9% and 5.4%, and 25% against 9% in a Norwegian registry [3]. A Cochrane review found major malformations in 3.9% of exposed children, with a higher risk than in children of women without epilepsy (RR 4.07, 95% CI 1.64 to 10.14) but not than women with untreated epilepsy (RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.57 to 3.27) [12]. A network meta-analysis found higher odds of major malformations than unexposed controls (OR 1.90, 95% CrI 1.17 to 2.97) [13].
Population
Infants in pregnancy registries [3]; 49 studies of seizure drugs in pregnancy [12]; 96 studies with 58,461 patients [13].
Sources
[3], [12], [13]
Caveats
Observational registries. The label notes metabolic acidosis in the mother or newborn may also affect the fetus [3].
LimitedCommon

Kidney stones

The label reports kidney stones in 1.5% of adults in add-on epilepsy trials, about 2 to 4 times the rate expected in a similar untreated population.

The numbers and sources
How common
Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect
Kidney stones occurred in 1.5% of adults in add-on epilepsy trials, more often in men. In an open-label extension in infants aged 1 to 24 months, 7% developed kidney or bladder stones within a year. Topiramate lowers urinary citrate and raises urinary pH [3].
Population
Adults in epilepsy trials and 284 infants in an open-label extension [3].
Sources
[3]
Caveats
Compared with an expected rate, not a placebo group.
ModerateUncommon

Suicidal thoughts and behavior (seizure drug class warning)

The label warns that seizure drugs as a group raised suicidal thoughts or behavior to 0.43% against 0.24% on placebo, about one extra case per 530 treated.

The numbers and sources
How common
Uncommon: between 1 in 1,000 and 1 in 100 people.
Effect
In FDA's pooled analysis of 199 placebo-controlled trials of 11 seizure drugs, suicidal thinking or behavior occurred in 0.43% on a drug and 0.24% on placebo (adjusted RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.7), about 1 extra case per 530 treated, beginning as early as one week after starting [3]. In the children's migraine trial, one teenager on topiramate made a suicide attempt [5].
Population
27,863 people on a seizure drug and 16,029 on placebo, median treatment 12 weeks [3]; 361 children and adolescents [5].
Sources
[3], [5]
Caveats
The pooled analysis covers 11 drugs and is not specific to topiramate [3].
LimitedUncommon

Sudden nearsightedness and angle-closure glaucoma

Linked to angle-closure glaucoma, about 2.6 times the rate overall and 5 times under age 50 in one study, mostly within the first month.

The numbers and sources
How common
Uncommon: between 1 in 1,000 and 1 in 100 people.
Effect
The label reports acute myopia with secondary angle-closure glaucoma, usually within a month of starting, in adults and children, and visual field defects that mostly reversed after stopping [3]. In a US claims study, topiramate use was linked to angle-closure glaucoma (adjusted rate ratio 2.59, 95% CI 1.56 to 4.30), and 5.30 (95% CI 2.54 to 11.04) under age 50 [14]. In Taiwan, glaucoma was diagnosed in 0.36% of new users in the first month against 0.04% of non-users (adjusted HR 7.41), with no significant difference after the first month [15].
Population
Postmarketing reports [3]; a nested case-control study in a cohort of 6,110,723 people [14]; 1,956 new users and 15,648 matched non-users [15].
Sources
[3], [14], [15]
Caveats
Observational studies, which rely on diagnosis codes.
LimitedHow often is not known

Decreased sweating and overheating

The label reports decreased sweating and raised body temperature, mostly in children and some after hot weather, occasionally needing hospital care. It gives no rate.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
Oligohidrosis with elevated body temperature has been reported, infrequently leading to hospitalization, most often in children and sometimes after exposure to high temperatures. Other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and drugs with anticholinergic activity may add to the risk [3].
Population
Reports summarized in the label [3].
Sources
[3]
Caveats
No rate or comparison group.
LimitedHow often is not known

Seizures on stopping

The label warns that seizure drugs including topiramate are withdrawn gradually because stopping can bring on seizures, even in people without epilepsy. It gives no rate.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The label states that in people with or without a history of seizures, seizure drugs including topiramate are withdrawn gradually to reduce the chance of seizures or more frequent seizures [3].
Population
Labeling statement [3].
Sources
[3]
Caveats
No rate is given.
LimitedHow often is not known

Serious skin and allergic reactions

The label reports Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, DRESS, anaphylaxis and angioedema with topiramate. It gives no rate.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
Serious skin reactions, multiorgan hypersensitivity (DRESS), anaphylaxis and angioedema have been reported in people taking topiramate [3].
Population
Postmarketing reports [3].
Sources
[3]
Caveats
Reports, with no denominator.
LimitedHow often is not known

Interaction with hormonal birth control

The label warns of reduced birth control effect and breakthrough bleeding, especially above 200 mg a day, where ethinyl estradiol exposure fell 18% to 30%.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
At 50 to 200 mg a day, topiramate did not significantly change exposure to either part of a norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol pill. In patients also taking valproic acid, ethinyl estradiol exposure fell 18%, 21% and 30% at 200, 400 and 800 mg a day. The label states that reduced contraceptive efficacy and breakthrough bleeding may occur with estrogen-containing or progestin-only products, and that efficacy can fall without bleeding [3].
Population
Healthy volunteers and patients in drug interaction studies [3].
Sources
[3]
Caveats
The label states the clinical significance of the measured changes is not known [3].
LimitedHow often is not known

Other drug interactions

The label reports that phenytoin and carbamazepine lower topiramate levels, while topiramate can raise lithium and amitriptyline levels, and other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors add to acidosis and stones.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
Phenytoin and carbamazepine significantly lowered topiramate concentrations. Hydrochlorothiazide raised topiramate exposure. Topiramate lowered pioglitazone exposure, raised lithium exposure at doses up to 600 mg a day, and produced large increases in amitriptyline concentration in some people. Zonisamide, acetazolamide and other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may worsen metabolic acidosis and raise kidney stone risk [3].
Population
Drug interaction studies described in the label [3].
Sources
[3]
Caveats
Changes in blood levels, with no rate of harm given.

Possible, not studied in people1

Untested

Alcohol and sedating drugs

Not studied in people. The label predicts that alcohol and other sedating drugs may add to topiramate's sleepiness and thinking effects.

No study in people. This rests on how it acts in the body.

The numbers and sources
Effect
The label states the combination of topiramate with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants has not been evaluated in clinical studies, and calls for extreme caution because of topiramate's potential to cause central nervous system depression and cognitive effects [3].
Population
Labeling statement [3].
Sources
[3]
Caveats
A predicted interaction, not one measured in a trial.

Claims tested and not found

  1. That topiramate prevents migraine in children. In a trial of 361 children and adolescents aged 8 to 17, headache days halved in 55% on topiramate and 61% on placebo, and the trial was stopped for futility [5].
  2. That topiramate keeps people off cigarettes long term. Across five trials, prolonged abstinence did not differ from placebo (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.57 to 2.5) [11].

Related

PhentermineTriptans

Sources

  1. Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, et al. Topiramate for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010610
  2. Jackson JL, Cogbill E, Santana-Davila R, et al. A Comparative Effectiveness Meta-Analysis of Drugs for the Prophylaxis of Migraine Headache. PLOS ONE. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130733
  3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. TOPAMAX (topiramate) tablets and sprinkle capsules, prescribing information. 2026. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=21628112-0c47-11df-95b3-498d55d89593
  4. Zheng H, Huang S, Chen Y, et al. Topiramate, acupuncture, and BoNT-A for chronic migraine: a network meta-analysis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.13391
  5. Powers SW, Coffey CS, Chamberlin LA, et al. Trial of Amitriptyline, Topiramate, and Placebo for Pediatric Migraine. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1610384
  6. Bresnahan R, Hounsome J, Jette N, et al. Topiramate add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001417.pub4
  7. Kramer CK, Leitão CB, Pinto LC, et al. Efficacy and safety of topiramate on weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00846.x
  8. Paravattil B, Wilby KJ, Turgeon R. Topiramate monotherapy for weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.02.002
  9. Nourredine M, Jurek L, Auffret M, et al. Efficacy and safety of topiramate in binge eating disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Spectrums. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852920001613
  10. Palpacuer C, Duprez R, Huneau A, et al. Pharmacologically controlled drinking in the treatment of alcohol dependence or alcohol use disorders: a systematic review with direct and network meta-analyses on nalmefene, naltrexone, acamprosate, baclofen and topiramate. Addiction. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13974
  11. Lotfy N, Elsawah H, Hassan M. Topiramate for smoking cessation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation. 2020. https://doi.org/10.18332/tpc/115167
  12. Bromley R, Adab N, Bluett-Duncan M, et al. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010224.pub3
  13. Veroniki AA, Cogo E, Rios P, et al. Comparative safety of anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of congenital malformations and prenatal outcomes. BMC Medicine. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0845-1
  14. Symes RJ, Etminan M, Mikelberg FS. Risk of Angle-Closure Glaucoma With Bupropion and Topiramate. JAMA Ophthalmology. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.2180
  15. Ho JD, Keller JJ, Tsai CY, et al. Topiramate Use and the Risk of Glaucoma Development: A Population-Based Follow-up Study. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2012.07.016

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