Luteinizing hormone (LH)
LH ranges depend on sex, cycle phase and menopause. The hormone is released in pulses and rises several fold at ovulation, so one sample can differ widely from the next. In one cohort of older men, LH above 9.4 with normal testosterone went with more later illness. Laboratory upper limits for men ran from 4.9 to 86.5.
- Status
- A blood test ordered by a clinician and also sold direct to consumers by some US laboratories. FDA classifies luteinizing hormone test systems as class I devices, exempt from premarket notification [1].
- Measures
- The amount of luteinizing hormone in blood, a hormone whose rise at mid-cycle in women causes the release of an egg [2].
- Also called
- LH, luteinizing hormone, luteinising hormone, lutropin, LH blood test, serum LH, LH serum, interstitial cell stimulating hormone, ICSH
- Tested for
- ovulation, fertility testing, irregular or absent periods, polycystic ovary syndrome, menopause, low testosterone, male infertility, low sex drive, pituitary problems, early or late puberty
Strong several reviews agree · Moderate one review or consistent trials · Limited one or a few small studies · Untested no study in people, listed with what it rests on
Linked in research3
- LimitedOne cohort found men aged 40 to 79 with LH above 9.4 and normal testosterone more often developed cardiovascular disease, cancer and primary hypogonadism over 4.3 years.
- LimitedOne cohort found men in the highest quarter of LH had 32% higher mortality from any cause than men in the lowest quarter over up to 30 years.
- LimitedOne study found 75% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome had LH above the 95th percentile of controls when sampled every 10 minutes for 8 to 12 hours.
Reported risks0
No risks sourced yet.
Reference ranges
Each range is the one its source published, in mIU/mL. Also reported in IU/L. Where sources differ, each is shown.
US National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus, women before menopause
Adult women before menopause, with no cycle phase stated · [2]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 5 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 5 to 25 mIU/mL | "normal" |
| above 25 mIU/mL | No name given |
Printed as 5 to 25 IU/L, which is the same number in mIU/mL. MedlinePlus adds that the level peaks even higher around the middle of the menstrual cycle and gives no figure for the peak. It states that ranges may vary slightly among laboratories and names no assay [2].
US National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus, women after menopause
Adult women after menopause · [2]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 7.7 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 7.7 to 58.5 mIU/mL | "normal" |
| above 58.5 mIU/mL | No name given |
Printed as 7.7 to 58.5 IU/L. It names no assay [2].
Anckaert and colleagues, 2021, Roche Elecsys LH immunoassay, follicular phase
Women aged 18 to 37 with natural menstrual cycles, follicular phase · [3]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 4.78 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 4.78 to 13.2 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 13.2 mIU/mL | No name given |
Printed in IU/L. These are the 5th and 95th percentiles, so a tenth of the reference women fall outside them by construction. The median was 7.14. From 85 women in the United States and Europe sampled about three times a week through one cycle, with cycle length standardized to 29 days and the LH peak placed at day 15. Two authors were employees of the assay's maker, which also funded medical writing [3].
Anckaert and colleagues, 2021, Roche Elecsys LH immunoassay, ovulation
Women aged 18 to 37 with natural menstrual cycles, ovulation phase · [3]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 8.11 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 8.11 to 72.7 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 72.7 mIU/mL | No name given |
The 5th and 95th percentiles in 81 women. The median was 22.6 IU/L. See the follicular phase block for how the study was done [3].
Anckaert and colleagues, 2021, Roche Elecsys LH immunoassay, luteal phase
Women aged 18 to 37 with natural menstrual cycles, luteal phase · [3]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 2.73 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 2.73 to 13.1 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 13.1 mIU/mL | No name given |
The 5th and 95th percentiles in 85 women. The median was 6.24 IU/L. See the follicular phase block for how the study was done [3].
Schüring and colleagues, 2016, Siemens Advia Centaur immunoassay, follicular phase
Women aged 25 to 44 with regular cycles, follicular phase, days 3 to 5 after the start of a period · [4]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 2.18 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 2.18 to 10.6 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 10.6 mIU/mL | No name given |
The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles in 139 women seen at one German university hospital, who had cycles of 25 to 35 days and had used no hormonal contraceptives for at least three months. The median was 5.00 mIU/mL. Of everyone in the study, 96% were of European descent. The study was supported by the hospital's laboratory and by the assay's maker [4].
Schüring and colleagues, 2016, Siemens Advia Centaur immunoassay, luteal phase
Women aged 25 to 44 with regular cycles, luteal phase, days 21 to 23 after the start of a period · [4]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 1.15 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 1.15 to 20.9 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 20.9 mIU/mL | No name given |
The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles in 87 women. The median was 4.94 mIU/mL. See the follicular phase block for how the study was done [4].
Schüring and colleagues, 2016, Siemens Advia Centaur immunoassay, postmenopausal women
Postmenopausal women aged 49 to 66 · [4]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 18 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 18 to 64.2 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 64.2 mIU/mL | No name given |
The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles in 103 blood donors with no periods for at least 12 months. The median was 32.6 mIU/mL. This lower limit is more than twice the 7.7 that MedlinePlus prints for women after menopause [4][2].
Schüring and colleagues, 2016, Siemens Immulite 2000XP immunoassay, follicular phase
Women aged 25 to 44 with regular cycles, follicular phase, days 3 to 5 after the start of a period · [4]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 1.93 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 1.93 to 9.4 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 9.4 mIU/mL | No name given |
The same 139 women's samples measured on a second platform in the same run. The median was 5.00 mIU/mL. See the Advia Centaur follicular phase block for how the study was done [4].
Schüring and colleagues, 2016, Siemens Immulite 2000XP immunoassay, luteal phase
Women aged 25 to 44 with regular cycles, luteal phase, days 21 to 23 after the start of a period · [4]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 1.67 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 1.67 to 9.65 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 9.65 mIU/mL | No name given |
The same 87 women's samples measured on a second platform. The median was 4.12 mIU/mL. The upper limit is less than half the 20.9 found for the same women on the Advia Centaur platform [4].
Schüring and colleagues, 2016, Siemens Immulite 2000XP immunoassay, postmenopausal women
Postmenopausal women aged 49 to 66 · [4]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 14.4 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 14.4 to 53.8 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 53.8 mIU/mL | No name given |
The same 103 women's samples measured on a second platform. The median was 26.6 mIU/mL [4].
US National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus, men over 18
Men over 18 years of age · [2]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 1.8 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 1.8 to 8.6 mIU/mL | "normal" |
| above 8.6 mIU/mL | No name given |
Printed as 1.8 to 8.6 IU/L. It names no assay [2].
Schüring and colleagues, 2016, Siemens Advia Centaur immunoassay, men
Men aged 20 to 68 · [4]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 1.83 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 1.83 to 7.65 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 7.65 mIU/mL | No name given |
The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles in 220 blood donors who took no regular medication. The median was 3.81 mIU/mL. The maker's own interval, reprinted in the paper, was 1.5 to 9.3 [4].
Schüring and colleagues, 2016, Siemens Immulite 2000XP immunoassay, men
Men aged 20 to 68 · [4]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| below 1.56 mIU/mL | No name given |
| 1.56 to 7.37 mIU/mL | "reference interval" |
| above 7.37 mIU/mL | No name given |
The same 220 men's samples measured on a second platform. The median was 3.54 mIU/mL [4].
European Male Ageing Study, Eendebak and colleagues, 2018
Men aged 40 to 79 whose testosterone is normal · [5]
| Range | What the source calls it |
|---|---|
| 9.4 or below mIU/mL | "normal LH" |
| above 9.4 mIU/mL | "high LH" |
The study defined high LH as above 9.4 U/L in men whose testosterone was 10.5 nmol/L or higher. The abstract does not state how the cut point was derived. From 3,369 community-dwelling European men followed for 4.3 years, of whom 5.2% newly developed high LH and 6.6% had it throughout [5].
What has been shown to move it
Shown to raise it1
Testosterone in men: clomiphene
Shown to raise total testosterone in men with low testosterone, by about 274 ng/dL against placebo, in pooled trials of clomiphene or enclomiphene.
Compared with placebo [13]; testosterone gel [13]; human chorionic gonadotropin [13]; the same men before treatment [14]
The numbers and sources
- Effect
- Against placebo, clomiphene or enclomiphene raised total testosterone by 273.76 ng/dL (95% CI 191.87 to 355.66, I² 89%), LH by 4.66 IU/L and FSH by 4.59 IU/L. Total testosterone did not differ from testosterone gel. Levels were higher than with hCG alone [13]. Across 17 studies pooled in a second review, total testosterone rose during treatment (pooled estimate 2.60, 95% CI 1.82 to 3.38, unit not given in the abstract), along with free testosterone, LH, FSH, SHBG and estradiol. Symptom scores on the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males questionnaire improved. Side effects were reported by fewer than 10% of study populations and no serious adverse events were reported [14].
- Population
- Men with functional hypogonadism in randomized trials [13]. 1,642 men with hypogonadism in 19 studies, 4 randomized and 15 observational, treated for 1.5 to 52 months [14].
- Sources
- [13], [14]
- Caveats
- The first review pooled clomiphene with enclomiphene and heterogeneity was high [13]. The second rests mostly on before-and-after observational studies [14]. Use in men is off-label in the US [1]. Neither abstract reports fractures, heart events or fertility.
Studies disagree1
Testosterone
Mixed results: one 12-day trial found testosterone up 42% from baseline in untrained men, while trials in trained men found no rise or a fall at 6 g.
The numbers and sources
- Effect
- In 23 men aged 27 to 37 given 3.12 g of sodium D-aspartate a day for 12 days, testosterone rose from 4.5 to 6.4 ng/mL, a 42% increase over baseline, and LH rose 33%. Twenty men on placebo did not change [1]. In resistance-trained men, 3 g a day for 28 days did not change total or free testosterone, LH or estradiol [2]. In 24 trained men over 14 days, 3 g a day had no effect, and 6 g a day lowered total and free testosterone [3]. In 22 trained men over 12 weeks, 6 g a day did not change total or free testosterone [4]. In 16 boxers at simulated altitude, 6 g a day for 14 days did not change resting testosterone or LH [5]. A systematic review of 4 human studies found the results inconsistent and the studies few and of poor quality [6].
- Population
- Healthy men in Italy [1]; resistance-trained men [2][3][4]; male boxers [5].
- Sources
- [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
- Caveats
- The rise in [1] was reported against the same men's baseline, and the product was a commercial preparation also containing vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid. All trials were small and lasted 2 to 12 weeks.
Tested, and not shown to change it1
Testosterone
Not shown to raise testosterone in men when taken alone. Rises appeared only in combined supplements or in a few studies of men with hypogonadism.
In 21 men aged 20 to 36, 10 or 20 mg/kg a day for 4 weeks did not change testosterone, androstenedione or LH compared with placebo.
The numbers and sources
- Effect
- A systematic review of 11 studies found that testosterone rose in humans only when tribulus was part of a combined supplement, and that trials varied too much to pool [1]. In 21 men aged 20 to 36, 10 or 20 mg/kg a day for 4 weeks did not change testosterone, androstenedione or LH compared with placebo [2]. In 30 men with erectile dysfunction, 800 mg a day for 30 days did not change total testosterone (417 to 409 ng/dL, against 443 to 466 ng/dL with placebo) [3]. A review of 7 studies in physically active men found no clear effect on hormones [4]. In 30 CrossFit-trained men, testosterone fell 21.9% with placebo and was unchanged (-0.2%) with 770 mg a day over 6 weeks [5]. A 2026 meta-analysis of 8 RCTs in men with erectile dysfunction found total testosterone did not differ from placebo [6]. A 2025 systematic review of 10 studies (483 men) found that 8 reported no significant change in androgens. The 2 that found rises, of 60 to 70 ng/dL within groups, were in men with hypogonadism [7].
- Population
- Healthy and athletic men in RCTs [1][4]; young men in Bulgaria [2]; men with erectile dysfunction in Brazil [3]; CrossFit athletes in Spain [5]; men with erectile dysfunction in RCTs [6]; men aged 16 to 70, healthy or with infertility, erectile dysfunction or hypogonadism [7].
- Sources
- [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]
- Caveats
- Small trials of 21 to 30 men. The CrossFit trial was single-blind [5].
How it compares with the reference method
Mixed results2
Between assays and laboratories
Limited evidence: LH immunoassays varied by 12% to 15% on shared samples, and the upper limit US laboratories reported for men ran from 4.9 to 86.5.
The numbers and sources
- Compared with
- Other immunoassays measuring the same serum pools, and other laboratories' reference ranges
- Effect
- When 16 Italian laboratories measured 5 serum pools with five automated immunoassays and one radioimmunoassay, the variance for LH was between 11.61% and 14.76%. One assay read higher than the others, one lower, and one was imprecise at low concentrations [13]. In a survey of 117 US laboratories, the upper limit of the reference range reported for men ran from 4.9 to 86.5 [14]. In one study the same women's luteal samples gave an upper limit of 20.9 mIU/mL on one platform and 9.65 on another [4].
- Population
- 16 laboratories [13]. 117 US laboratories [14]. 87 women [4].
- Sources
- [13], [14], [4]
- Caveats
- The survey's abstract gives no unit for its limits. Its authors report that 70% of the ranges came from checking the maker's package insert values, in 20 to 200 samples [14].
The LH to FSH ratio for diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome
One study of 863 infertile women found an LH to FSH ratio cut-off of 1.33 separated women with and without PCOS with an area under the curve of 0.87.
The numbers and sources
- Compared with
- PCOS diagnosed by the Rotterdam criteria
- Effect
- At the cut-off the authors derived, 1.33, the ratio of LH to FSH had an area under the curve of 0.867 (95% CI 0.842 to 0.889), similar to 0.852 for AMH. Each one unit higher ratio went with 14.4 times the odds of PCOS (95% CI 9.3 to 22.4). The authors concluded that neither marker alone is adequate for diagnosing PCOS [15]. The 2023 international PCOS guideline does not use an LH level among its diagnostic criteria, and uses LH and FSH to rule out low gonadotropin states, usually from low body fat or intensive exercise [17].
- Population
- 863 infertile women aged 18 to 45 at three centers in Vietnam, 441 with PCOS and 422 without [15].
- Sources
- [15], [17]
- Caveats
- One study in women already seen for infertility, so the figures may not hold for other women. The ratio is a different quantity from the LH level on this page, and LH is released in pulses (see Pulses within a day). An earlier study on this page found LH within range in women with PCOS sampled soon after an ovulation [8].
Did not match the reference method2
Day of the menstrual cycle
Limited evidence: median LH rose from 6.4 IU/L early in the cycle to 24.0 at ovulation, and individual surges varied widely in size and length.
The numbers and sources
- Compared with
- The same women's samples from the early follicular phase
- Effect
- Median LH by part of the cycle was 6.41 IU/L early follicular, 7.36 intermediate follicular, 8.52 late follicular, 24.0 at ovulation, 9.66 early luteal, 5.36 intermediate luteal and 5.00 late luteal [3]. In a study that tracked urine LH and ultrasound through 283 cycles, individual LH surges were extremely variable in configuration, amplitude and duration [9].
- Population
- 85 women aged 18 to 37 sampled about three times a week through one natural cycle [3]. 107 women over 283 cycles [9].
- Sources
- [3], [9], [10]
- Caveats
- A result from a woman who still has periods cannot be placed against a phase range without knowing the cycle day. The surge study measured LH in urine, and home ovulation predictor kits do the same. Urine LH is a different quantity from the blood ranges on this page. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine states that urine results generally correlate well with the peak in serum LH, and that accuracy and reliability vary among products [10].
Pulses within a day
Limited evidence: LH is released in pulses, 8 to 15 a day in the luteal phase in one study, with the larger pulses averaging 16.9 mIU/mL in size.
The numbers and sources
- Compared with
- Blood samples drawn every 10 minutes for 24 hours from the same women
- Effect
- In women sampled every 10 minutes for 24 hours in the luteal phase, LH pulses slowed from a mean of 15.2 in 24 hours in the early luteal phase to 8.4 in the late luteal phase. The larger pulses averaged 16.9 mIU/mL in amplitude and the smaller 2.3 [11]. In men sampled up to six times over 6 months, short-term variability was greater for hormones with pulsatile secretion, with LH given as the example, than for hormones that vary less through the day [12].
- Population
- 15 women with normal cycles [11]. 132 men aged 30 to 79 in Boston [12].
- Sources
- [11], [12]
- Caveats
- The study of women dates from 1984. In the study of men each sample was a pool of two draws 20 minutes apart, which smooths some of the pulse, and the abstract gives no figure for LH alone [12].
What studies tie it to
Linked in research3
Later illness in older men with high LH and normal testosterone
One cohort found men aged 40 to 79 with LH above 9.4 and normal testosterone more often developed cardiovascular disease, cancer and primary hypogonadism over 4.3 years.
The numbers and sources
- Effect
- Men who newly developed high LH had erectile dysfunction, poor health, cardiovascular disease and cancer more often than men whose LH stayed normal. In men with persistently high LH, other illnesses developed more often and cognitive and physical function declined more. Men with high LH went on to primary hypogonadism more often (odds ratio 15.97, 95% CI 5.85 to 43.60). High LH returned to normal in 46 men (2.4%) [5]. At the cohort's first survey, 9.5% of men had normal testosterone with elevated LH, a group the authors named compensated hypogonadism, 2.0% had low testosterone with elevated LH and 11.8% had low testosterone with low or normal LH [6].
- Population
- 3,369 community-dwelling men aged 40 to 79 in eight European centers [5][6].
- Sources
- [5], [6]
- Caveats
- Observational, from one cohort. The authors describe high LH as a biomarker of deteriorating health, and report that it was not tied to unequivocal evidence of androgen deficiency [5].
Death from any cause in men
One cohort found men in the highest quarter of LH had 32% higher mortality from any cause than men in the lowest quarter over up to 30 years.
The numbers and sources
- Effect
- Men in the highest LH quartile had higher mortality from any cause than men in the lowest (hazard ratio 1.32, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.53), and higher LH went with more cancer deaths (1.42, 1.10 to 1.84). A higher ratio of LH to testosterone also went with more deaths (1.23, 1.06 to 1.43). Testosterone itself was not associated with death from any cause [7].
- Population
- 5,350 men from the general population aged 30 to 70 at baseline, followed for up to 30 years, with 1,533 deaths [7].
- Sources
- [7]
- Caveats
- Observational, from one cohort. The abstract does not print the LH level that marks the top quartile. The authors read the result as a sign of impaired testicular function, so LH may mark illness and not cause it [7].
Polycystic ovary syndrome
One study found 75% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome had LH above the 95th percentile of controls when sampled every 10 minutes for 8 to 12 hours.
The numbers and sources
- Effect
- Excluding women who had ovulated in the previous 21 days, 75.0% of women with the syndrome had a pooled LH level above the 95th percentile of control women, and 94% had a raised ratio of LH to FSH. Pooled LH was within the normal range in the 9 women studied soon after an ovulation. Pooled LH fell as body mass index rose (R = -0.59) [8].
- Population
- 61 women with polycystic ovary syndrome defined by infrequent periods and raised androgens, and 24 control women in the early follicular phase [8].
- Sources
- [8]
- Caveats
- One study of 85 women that pooled samples taken every 10 minutes, which is not how a routine single blood draw is done. The ratio of LH to FSH is a different quantity from the LH level on this page.
Checked, no link found1
Endometriosis
One small study in a Cochrane review found no difference in LH or FSH between women with and without endometriosis.
The numbers and sources
- Effect
- A Cochrane review of blood tests for endometriosis found one study in which LH and FSH did not differ significantly between women with endometriosis confirmed at surgery and women without it. The reviewers describe this as consistent with other studies of hormones in endometriosis and did not recommend further study of these hormones as diagnostic markers [16].
- Population
- 49 participants in one study [16].
- Sources
- [16]
- Caveats
- One small study, which could miss a modest difference. The review rated all its included studies as of poor methodological quality [16].
Sources
- US Food and Drug Administration. 21 CFR 862.1485, Luteinizing hormone test system. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/section-862.1485
- US National Library of Medicine. Luteinizing hormone (LH) blood test. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Reviewed August 18, 2025. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003708.htm
- Anckaert E, Jank A, Petzold J, et al. Extensive monitoring of the natural menstrual cycle using the serum biomarkers estradiol, luteinizing hormone and progesterone. Practical Laboratory Medicine. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00211
- Schüring AN, Kelsch R, Pierściński G, Nofer JR. Establishing Reference Intervals for Sex Hormones on the Analytical Platforms Advia Centaur and Immulite 2000XP. Annals of Laboratory Medicine. 2016. https://doi.org/10.3343/alm.2016.36.1.55
- Eendebak RJAH, Ahern T, Swiecicka A, et al. Elevated luteinizing hormone despite normal testosterone levels in older men-natural history, risk factors and clinical features. Clinical Endocrinology. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13524
- Tajar A, Forti G, O'Neill TW, et al. Characteristics of Secondary, Primary, and Compensated Hypogonadism in Aging Men: Evidence from the European Male Ageing Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1796
- Holmboe SA, Vradi E, Jensen TK, et al. The Association of Reproductive Hormone Levels and All-Cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2460
- Taylor AE, McCourt B, Martin KA, et al. Determinants of Abnormal Gonadotropin Secretion in Clinically Defined Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.7.4105
- Direito A, Bailly S, Mariani A, Ecochard R. Relationships between the luteinizing hormone surge and other characteristics of the menstrual cycle in normally ovulating women. Fertility and Sterility. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.047
- Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Fertility evaluation of infertile women: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.686
- Filicori M, Butler JP, Crowley WF. Neuroendocrine regulation of the corpus luteum in the human. Evidence for pulsatile progesterone secretion. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1984. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci111370
- Brambilla DJ, O'Donnell AB, Matsumoto AM, McKinlay JB. Intraindividual variation in levels of serum testosterone and other reproductive and adrenal hormones in men. Clinical Endocrinology. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02976.x
- Radicioni A, Lenzi A, Spaziani M, et al. A multicenter evaluation of immunoassays for follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone: Concordance, imprecision and reference values. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03347112
- Grimstad F, Le M, Zganjar A, et al. An Evaluation of Reported Follicle-stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Estradiol, and Prolactin Reference Ranges in the United States. Urology. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2018.07.024
- Le MT, Le VNS, Le DD, et al. Exploration of the role of anti-Mullerian hormone and LH/FSH ratio in diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13934
- Nisenblat V, Bossuyt PM, Shaikh R, et al. Blood biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd012179
- Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, et al. Recommendations From the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad463