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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

For wellness uses, evidence rests on small trials. One trial found better cognitive scores in healthy older adults. Three sham-controlled military trials found no benefit for post-concussion symptoms, and reviews found no benefit in autism, multiple sclerosis or exercise recovery. Pooled trials report adverse effects in 30% of treated people, mostly ear discomfort. FDA warns of fires in unaccredited chambers.

Add to Bio HackChecked 2026-11-13
Status
A practice, not a regulated product. The chambers are medical devices. As of July 2021, FDA had cleared hyperbaric chambers for 13 conditions: air or gas bubbles in blood vessels, severe anemia when transfusion cannot be used, severe burns, carbon monoxide poisoning, crush injury, decompression sickness, gas gangrene, sudden complete hearing loss with no known cause, severe skin and bone infection, radiation injury, skin grafts or flaps at risk of tissue death, sudden painless vision loss in one eye from blocked blood flow, and non-healing wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers. FDA states it has not cleared any device for COVID-19 or any condition beyond that list [1].
Also called
HBOT, HBO2, hyperbaric chamber, hyperbaric oxygen, mild hyperbaric therapy, soft-shell chamber, oxygen chamber
Practiced for
longevity, anti-aging, telomeres, cognition, memory, brain health, concussion, PTSD, long COVID, recovery, athletic performance, VO2 max, skin aging, erectile function, fibromyalgia, autism, stroke recovery, migraine, dementia

Strong several reviews agree · Moderate one review or consistent trials · Limited one or a few small studies · Untested no study in people, listed with what it rests on

Shown to help7

Reported risks5

What people practice it for, and what was found

Shown to help7

Moderate

Fibromyalgia pain

Shown to reduce pain in people with fibromyalgia in one meta-analysis of 9 small studies. Adverse events occurred in 23.8% of treated patients.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Across 9 studies (288 patients), hyperbaric oxygen reduced pain compared with control (SMD -1.56, 95% CI -2.18 to -0.93, I² 51%). Most studies also reported better tender points, fatigue, function and sleep disturbance. Adverse events occurred in 44 of 185 patients (23.8%), and 12 (6.5%) withdrew because of them [7].
Population
288 people with fibromyalgia in 9 randomized and non-randomized controlled trials [7].
Sources
[7]
Caveats
The pooled studies include non-randomized trials, and the abstract does not say how many used a sham. No serious adverse events were observed.
Moderate

Vascular dementia

Shown to raise cognitive test scores by 4 points on the Mini-Mental State Examination when added to drug treatment for vascular dementia, in one meta-analysis of Chinese trials.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Across 25 RCTs (1,954 patients), adding hyperbaric oxygen to drug and conventional treatment improved Mini-Mental State Examination scores (mean difference 4.00, 95% CI 3.28 to 4.73) and activities of daily living. Adverse event rates did not differ between groups (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.26 to 2.78) [8].
Population
1,954 people with vascular dementia in 25 trials, 24 of which combined hyperbaric oxygen with a drug such as oxiracetam or donepezil [8].
Sources
[8]
Caveats
The abstract does not report blinding, sham controls or risk of bias ratings. Trials were located largely through Chinese databases.
Moderate

Acute migraine

Shown to relieve an acute migraine attack compared with sham in a Cochrane review of 3 small trials, at low quality. It did not prevent attacks.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Pooled data from 3 trials (58 participants) found hyperbaric oxygen more likely than sham to relieve a migraine headache (risk ratio 6.21, 95% CI 2.41 to 16.00). There was no evidence that it prevented migraine episodes, reduced nausea and vomiting, or reduced the need for rescue medication [9].
Population
58 participants in 3 trials, within a review of 11 trials and 209 participants covering oxygen therapies for migraine and cluster headache [9].
Sources
[9]
Caveats
The reviewers rated the evidence low quality, downgraded for small crossover studies with incomplete reporting, and noted the cost and poor availability of chambers [9].
Limited

Thinking and memory in healthy older adults

One trial found better global cognitive scores after 3 months of sessions in 63 healthy adults over 64, compared with a control group that received no treatment.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Global cognitive function improved more in the hyperbaric group than the control group (group by time interaction p = 0.0017), with the largest gains in attention (net effect size 0.745) and information processing speed (net effect size 0.788). Brain blood flow rose in several frontal and parietal regions [10]. A systematic review of 42 studies of hyperbaric oxygen and cognition across neurological conditions described the results as controversial [11].
Population
63 healthy adults over 64, 33 assigned to hyperbaric oxygen and 30 to control [10]. 42 studies in various neurological disorders [11].
Sources
[10], [11]
Caveats
One trial. The control group had no sham sessions, so participants knew whether they were treated. No follow-up beyond the end of treatment is reported in the abstract.
Limited

Aerobic fitness in athletes

One sham-controlled trial found higher VO2 max after 40 sessions in middle-aged master athletes, with 31 of 37 randomized participants analyzed.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Compared with sham, 40 sessions at 2 ATA raised maximal oxygen consumption (p = 0.010, effect size 0.989) and oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold (effect size 0.837). Measures of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial mass in muscle also rose [15].
Population
37 healthy master athletes aged 40 to 50, of whom 16 hyperbaric and 15 sham participants were analyzed [15].
Sources
[15]
Caveats
One small trial with 6 randomized participants missing from the analysis. The abstract reports effect sizes without the size of the VO2 max change.
Limited

Stroke recovery months to years later

One trial found better neurological function and quality of life after 40 sessions in people 6 to 36 months after a stroke, with no change during an untreated waiting period.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Neurological function and quality of life improved after 40 sessions of 90 minutes at 2 ATA in both groups. The group that waited 2 months before treatment showed no improvement during the wait. Brain imaging changes tracked the clinical changes [18].
Population
74 people 6 to 36 months after a stroke with at least one motor deficit, 59 analyzed [18].
Sources
[18]
Caveats
No sham, so everyone knew when they were treated. One center, and the abstract gives no effect sizes.
Limited

Alzheimer's disease

Limited evidence: cognitive test scores were higher 1 month after 20 sessions in 42 people with Alzheimer's disease than in 30 untreated patients, in a non-randomized study.

The numbers and sources
Effect
After 40 minutes of hyperbaric oxygen a day for 20 days, Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores were significantly higher at 1 month in treated patients than in untreated controls. Activities of daily living improved at 1 and 3 months against baseline [19].
Population
42 people with Alzheimer's disease and 11 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment who were treated, and 30 untreated people with Alzheimer's disease [19].
Sources
[19], [1]
Caveats
Not randomized and not blinded, with the between-group difference reported only at 1 month. FDA lists Alzheimer's disease among conditions that hyperbaric devices are not proven to cure [1].

Mixed results6

Moderate

Persistent post-concussion symptoms

Mixed results: three sham-controlled military trials found no benefit over sham compression, while a review that counted other control designs reported improvement at 1.5 ATA.

The numbers and sources
Effect
In 72 service members, a clinically significant symptom improvement occurred in 52% with 40 hyperbaric oxygen sessions at 1.5 ATA, 33% with sham air sessions and 25% with usual care alone (P = .24). Both chamber groups improved more than usual care, and oxygen did not differ from sham (P = .70) [2]. In 50 service members, 30 sessions at 2.4 ATA produced no difference from sham on symptom or PTSD scores [3]. In 60 service members, 40 sessions at oxygen doses equal to 1.5 or 2.0 ATA produced no difference from sham [4]. A pooled analysis of 254 participants in four Department of Defense studies found non-significant trends on symptoms (Rivermead total -2.3, 95% CI -5.6 to 1.0) and a gain in verbal memory (3.8 points, 95% CI 1.0 to 6.7) [5]. A systematic review of 11 studies concluded that 40 sessions at 1.5 ATA produced symptom or cognitive improvements in four randomized trials [6].
Population
US military service members with symptoms at least months after mild traumatic brain injury [2][3][4][5]. Adults in 6 randomized trials and 5 smaller reports, all with fewer than 75 participants [6].
Sources
[2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
Caveats
The disagreement turns on what counts as a control. Sham sessions used pressurized air at 1.2 to 1.3 ATA, which the favorable review treats as an active dose [6]. The authors of the largest trial concluded the improvements were not oxygen mediated and may reflect placebo effects [2]. The favorable review has a single author.
Limited

Long COVID

Mixed results: a 40-session sham-controlled trial found better cognition, energy and sleep scores in long COVID, and a 10-session trial found no difference from sham.

The numbers and sources
Effect
In 73 patients with symptoms at least 3 months after infection, 40 daily sessions improved global cognitive function (d = 0.495, p = 0.038), attention, executive function, energy (d = 0.522), sleep, psychiatric symptoms and pain interference compared with sham [12]. In 80 patients, 10 sessions at 2.4 bar over 6 weeks did not differ from sham at 13 weeks in physical functioning (difference 0.63, 95% CI -7.04 to 8.29) or role limitations due to physical health (difference 2.35, 95% CI -5.95 to 10.66). Both groups improved [13].
Population
73 adults, 37 treated and 36 sham [12]. 80 previously healthy adults aged 18 to 60, 40 per group [13].
Sources
[12], [13]
Caveats
The trials differ fourfold in the number of sessions and in their outcome measures. Outcomes in the positive trial were assessed 1 to 3 weeks after the last session [12].
Limited

PTSD

Mixed results: one unblinded trial in 35 veterans found lower PTSD scores after 60 sessions, and pooled sham-controlled military data showed a trend that did not reach significance.

The numbers and sources
Effect
In veterans with treatment-resistant PTSD, clinician-rated PTSD scores improved after 60 daily sessions and did not change in controls (net effect size 1.64, P < 0.0001), with gains in depression scores [14]. In pooled data from four sham-controlled Department of Defense studies of post-concussion symptoms, the PTSD Checklist score changed by -2.7 points (95% CI -5.8 to 0.4, p = 0.09) in favor of hyperbaric oxygen [5]. Two of those trials individually found no difference from sham on the same checklist [3][4].
Population
35 veterans randomized, 29 completed, control group untreated [14]. 254 service members [5].
Sources
[14], [5], [3], [4]
Caveats
The positive trial had no sham, and its participants knew their group [14]. The military trials enrolled people for post-concussion symptoms, not PTSD alone.
Limited

Telomere length and senescent cells

Limited evidence: blood cell telomeres lengthened by over 20% after 60 sessions in 35 older adults, in a study with no control group and no health outcome.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Telomere length in T helper, T cytotoxic, natural killer and B cells rose by over 20% after 60 daily sessions, with B cells up 37.63% ± 52.73 after treatment. Senescent T helper cells fell by 37.30% ± 33.04 and senescent T cytotoxic cells by 10.96% ± 12.59 [16].
Population
35 healthy, independently living adults aged 64 and older [16].
Sources
[16]
Caveats
No control group. The standard deviations are as large as the changes. Telomere length in blood cells is a lab marker, and the study did not measure lifespan, disease or function. Blood was last sampled 1 to 2 weeks after the final session.
LimitedStudied in men

Skin aging

Limited evidence: skin biopsies from 13 older men showed denser collagen and more blood vessels after 3 months of sessions, with no separate control group.

The numbers and sources
Effect
After 3 months of daily sessions, biopsies showed higher collagen density (effect size 1.10), longer elastic fibers (effect size 2.71), more blood vessels and fewer senescent cells than before treatment. Elastic fiber density and thickness did not change [17].
Population
13 men with a mean age of 68 who agreed to repeated biopsies, out of a 70-person aging study. Each had a 3-month untreated period first [17].
Sources
[17]
Caveats
Thirteen self-selected men. The study measured tissue under a microscope, not wrinkles or appearance.
LimitedStudied in men

Erectile function

Mixed results: erectile function scores rose 88% in an uncontrolled study of 30 men, and a sham-controlled trial after prostate surgery found no difference.

The numbers and sources
Effect
In 30 men with erectile dysfunction for about 4 years, 40 daily sessions improved the erectile function score by 88% (p < 0.0001), and 80% reported a positive outcome [20]. In 109 men randomized after nerve-sparing prostatectomy to hyperbaric oxygen or air under pressure, no outcome differed between groups at 18 months [21].
Population
30 men with a mean age of 59, no control group [20]. 109 men aged 40 to 65, 83 of whom completed follow-up [21].
Sources
[20], [21]
Caveats
The positive study had no control group. The two studies enrolled different kinds of patients.

Not shown to help4

Moderate

Exercise performance and recovery

Not shown to improve exercise performance or recovery when given before or after exercise. A Cochrane review found more muscle soreness at 48 hours with immediate treatment.

The numbers and sources
Effect
In a meta-analysis of physically active adults, hyperbaric oxygen before exercise had no significant effect on performance and after exercise had no significant effect on recovery (10 studies reviewed, 6 pooled with 69 participants) [22]. A Cochrane review of 9 trials (219 participants) found higher pain at 48 hours in people given hyperbaric oxygen straight after muscle-damaging exercise (mean difference 0.88 on a 0 to 10 scale, 95% CI 0.09 to 1.67), with no difference in swelling or strength. Two trials in ankle sprain and knee ligament injury found no difference from sham [23].
Population
166 physically active adults in 10 studies [22]. 219 participants in 9 small trials [23].
Sources
[22], [23]
Caveats
Small trials. Individual studies of oxygen breathed during exercise reported better muscle endurance, which could not be pooled [22].
Moderate

Multiple sclerosis

Not shown to benefit people with multiple sclerosis in a meta-analysis of 12 randomized trials from the 1980s.

The numbers and sources
Effect
A meta-analysis of 12 randomized studies, most testing 20 sessions at 1.75 to 2.5 ATA over 4 weeks against placebo, found no clinically significant benefit and no plausible effect on the course of the disease [24].
Population
People with multiple sclerosis in 12 randomized trials run between 1983 and 1987 [24].
Sources
[24]
Caveats
No trial has compared it with current standard treatment. The reviewers leave open a small effect in an unidentified subgroup.
LimitedStudied in children

Autism

One trial of 60 children, the only one in a Cochrane review, found no improvement in social interaction, communication, behavior or cognitive function against sham.

The numbers and sources
Effect
The trial's authors reported no improvement in social interaction and communication, behavioral problems, linguistic abilities or cognitive function. Side effect events were more frequent with hyperbaric treatment (Peto odds ratio 3.87, 95% CI 1.53 to 9.82), mostly minor ear barotrauma [25].
Population
60 children with autism spectrum disorder in one randomized sham-controlled trial [25].
Sources
[25], [1]
Caveats
One small trial, rated low quality by the reviewers for sample size and short follow-up [25]. FDA lists autism among conditions that hyperbaric devices are not proven to cure [1].
LimitedStudied in children

Cerebral palsy in children

One trial of 111 children found no difference in motor function between 40 hyperbaric oxygen sessions and slightly pressurized room air.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Gross motor function scores rose 2.9% with hyperbaric oxygen at 1.75 ATA and 3.0% with air at 1.3 ATA (mean difference -0.40, 95% CI -1.69 to 0.90). Speech, attention, memory and functional skills improved in both groups without a difference between them. Ear problems occurred in 27 children on hyperbaric oxygen and 15 on pressurized air (p = 0.004) [26].
Population
111 children aged 3 to 12 with cerebral palsy, 57 on hyperbaric oxygen and 54 on pressurized air [26].
Sources
[26]
Caveats
One trial. Both groups improved, and the comparison was pressurized air, not no treatment.

Protocols studied

Trials delivered 100% oxygen in a chamber at 1.5 to 2.4 atmospheres absolute (ATA) for 60 to 90 minutes. The aging and PTSD studies, which share an author group, used 60 daily sessions over about 3 months [16][14]. Other trials used 40 sessions: at 2 ATA for 90 minutes after stroke [18], at 2 ATA for 1 hour in athletes [15], at 1.5 ATA in service members [2], and at 1.75 ATA for 1 hour in children with cerebral palsy [26]. Shorter courses included 30 sessions at 2.4 ATA [3], 20 sessions of 40 minutes in Alzheimer's disease [19], and 10 sessions of 90 minutes at 2.4 bar in long COVID [13].

Sham sessions used air at 1.02 to 1.3 ATA [15][2][3][26]. FDA notes it has cleared a zippered bag for altitude sickness only, and has not cleared such bags for use with oxygen tanks or concentrators [1].

Risks

Reported risks5

Moderate

FDA warnings on unproven uses

FDA states hyperbaric devices are not proven to cure cancer, Lyme disease, autism or Alzheimer's disease, and that explosions and fires have occurred in unreviewed chambers at unaccredited facilities.

The numbers and sources
Effect
FDA's consumer update lists the risks as ear and sinus pain, middle ear injuries including eardrum rupture, temporary vision changes, and rarely lung collapse. It says high oxygen concentrations pose a risk of fire, that explosions and fires have occurred in chambers not reviewed by FDA at unaccredited facilities, and that people have used zippered altitude-sickness bags to build homemade devices that pose risks of fire and suffocation. It names the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society as the accrediting body [1].
Population
US consumers [1].
Sources
[1]
Caveats
The update carries a content date of July 26, 2021, and is cited from an archived copy because the page was no longer on FDA's site when checked in November 2026. FDA also states that serious complications are rare when chambers are used for cleared conditions.
Moderate

Side effects overall

Shown to cause adverse effects in 30% of treated participants against 10% of controls across 24 randomized trials, more often above 2.0 ATA or beyond 10 sessions.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Across 24 RCTs (1,497 participants), adverse effects were reported by 30.11% of hyperbaric participants and 10.43% of controls. Ear discomfort was the most frequent, with 113 cases. Rates exceeded control when courses ran longer than 10 sessions or pressure was above 2.0 ATA [27]. In fibromyalgia studies, 23.8% of treated patients had adverse events and 6.5% withdrew because of them [7]. In a 10-session long COVID trial, adverse events occurred in 49% of the hyperbaric group and 44% of the sham group, most often cough and chest discomfort [13].
Population
1,497 participants in 24 RCTs published from 2012 to 2022 [27]. 185 people with fibromyalgia [7]. 80 people with long COVID [13].
Sources
[27], [7], [13]
Caveats
Most recorded effects were mild and reversible. Trials screen out people at higher risk, and commercial wellness settings were not studied.
Moderate

Ear barotrauma

Shown to injure the middle ear often: 43.2% of 236 hospital patients had barotrauma, most of it minor, and children in two trials had more ear problems than controls.

The numbers and sources
Effect
In a chart review of 236 patients and 4,981 treatments, middle ear barotrauma occurred in 43.2%, and 84% of cases were at the two mildest grades [28]. In children with cerebral palsy, ear problems occurred in 27 of 57 on hyperbaric oxygen and 15 of 54 on pressurized air [26]. In children with autism, more had side effects with hyperbaric treatment than with sham (Peto odds ratio 4.40, 95% CI 1.33 to 14.48), mainly minor ear barotrauma [25].
Population
236 patients at one academic trauma center [28]. 111 children [26]. 60 children [25].
Sources
[28], [26], [25], [1]
Caveats
The chart review included intubated hospital patients, who had more severe barotrauma. FDA lists eardrum rupture among possible injuries [1].
Limited

Seizures from oxygen toxicity

Case series: 43 seizures occurred in 188,335 sessions at one center over 20 years, between 1.2 and 3.9 per 10,000 treatments.

The numbers and sources
Effect
Seizures occurred at 3.9 per 10,000 treatments before the center added a 5-minute air break to its protocol and 1.2 per 10,000 after (P < 0.0001). They came a median of 57 minutes into a session and after a median of 21 sessions [29].
Population
All patients treated at one center from 1999 to 2018, for medical indications such as ulcers, hearing loss and radiation injury [29].
Sources
[29]
Caveats
One center, treating at 2 ATA or more for medical indications under supervision.
Limited

Chamber fires

Case series: 77 people died in 35 hyperbaric chamber fires worldwide from 1923 to 1996, every fatal fire in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere.

The numbers and sources
Effect
A review of chamber fires counted 77 deaths in 35 hyperbaric chamber fires. Twenty-five of the fires were in clinical chambers. Every fatal fire occurred in an atmosphere above 28% oxygen with abundant burnable material. Since 1980 the main cause was a prohibited ignition source carried in by an occupant. No fire deaths were reported in clinical chambers in North America in that period [30]. FDA states that explosions and fires have since occurred in chambers it had not reviewed, at unaccredited facilities [1].
Population
Chamber fires reported in Asia, Europe and North America, 1923 to 1996 [30].
Sources
[30], [1]
Caveats
The series ends in 1996 and gives no rate per treatment. No peer-reviewed count of later fires was located.

Claims tested and not found

  1. That hyperbaric oxygen beats a sham for post-concussion symptoms. Three sham-controlled trials in service members found no difference between oxygen and pressurized air [2][3][4].
  2. That it treats autism. The one randomized trial in a Cochrane review found no improvement in core or associated symptoms [25].
  3. That it helps children with cerebral palsy. Motor function improved equally with hyperbaric oxygen and slightly pressurized air [26].
  4. That it slows multiple sclerosis. A meta-analysis of 12 randomized trials found no clinically significant benefit [24].
  5. That it speeds recovery from muscle soreness. Pain at 48 hours was higher with immediate treatment in a Cochrane review [23].
  6. That it improves performance when used before or after exercise. Pooled trials found no significant effect on performance or recovery [22].
  7. That it preserves erectile function after prostate surgery. A double-blind trial of 109 men found no difference from pressurized air at 18 months [21].
  8. That 10 sessions help long COVID. Physical functioning at 13 weeks did not differ from sham in 80 patients [13].

Sources

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Get the Facts. Consumer Update. 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20251218065045/https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-get-facts
  2. Miller RS, Weaver LK, Bahraini N, et al. Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Symptoms and Quality of Life Among Service Members With Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5479
  3. Wolf G, Cifu D, Baugh L, et al. The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Symptoms after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2012.2549
  4. Cifu DX, Hart BB, West SL, et al. The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1097/htr.0b013e3182a6aaf0
  5. Hart BB, Weaver LK, Gupta A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for mTBI-associated PCS and PTSD: Pooled analysis of results from Department of Defense and other published studies. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2019. https://doi.org/10.22462/13.15.2019.12
  6. Harch PG. Systematic Review and Dosage Analysis: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Efficacy in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.815056
  7. Chen X, You J, Ma H, et al. Efficacy and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062322
  8. You Q, Li L, Xiong SQ, et al. Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy and Safety of Hyperbaric Oxygen as Adjunctive Therapy for Vascular Dementia. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00086
  9. Bennett MH, French C, Schnabel A, et al. Normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment and prevention of migraine and cluster headache. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd005219.pub3
  10. Hadanny A, Daniel-Kotovsky M, Suzin G, et al. Cognitive enhancement of healthy older adults using hyperbaric oxygen: a randomized controlled trial. Aging. 2020. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103571
  11. Marcinkowska AB, Mankowska ND, Kot J, Winklewski PJ. Impact of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Cognitive Functions: a Systematic Review. Neuropsychology Review. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-021-09500-9
  12. Zilberman-Itskovich S, Catalogna M, Sasson E, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves neurocognitive functions and symptoms of post-COVID condition: randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15565-0
  13. Kjellberg A, Hassler A, Boström E, et al. Ten sessions of hyperbaric oxygen versus sham treatment in patients with long covid (HOT-LoCO): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase II trial. BMJ Open. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094386
  14. Doenyas-Barak K, Catalogna M, Kutz I, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves symptoms, brain's microstructure and functionality in veterans with treatment resistant post-traumatic stress disorder: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. PLOS ONE. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264161
  15. Hadanny A, Hachmo Y, Rozali D, et al. Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Mitochondrial Respiration and Physical Performance in Middle-Aged Athletes: A Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. Sports Medicine - Open. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00403-w
  16. Hachmo Y, Hadanny A, Abu Hamed R, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy increases telomere length and decreases immunosenescence in isolated blood cells: a prospective trial. Aging. 2020. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.202188
  17. Hachmo Y, Hadanny A, Mendelovic S, et al. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the pathophysiology of skin aging: a prospective clinical trial. Aging. 2021. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203701
  18. Efrati S, Fishlev G, Bechor Y, et al. Hyperbaric Oxygen Induces Late Neuroplasticity in Post Stroke Patients, Randomized, Prospective Trial. PLOS ONE. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053716
  19. Chen J, Zhang F, Zhao L, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen ameliorates cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer's and Dementia: Translational Research and Clinical Interventions. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/trc2.12030
  20. Hadanny A, Lang E, Copel L, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen can induce angiogenesis and recover erectile function. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-018-0023-9
  21. Chiles KA, Staff I, Johnson-Arbor K, et al. A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of Hyperbaric Oxygenation Therapy in the Preservation of Erectile Function after Radical Prostatectomy. The Journal of Urology. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.10.016
  22. Huang X, Wang R, Zhang Z, et al. Effects of Pre-, Post- and Intra-Exercise Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Performance and Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Physiology. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.791872
  23. Bennett MH, Best TM, Babul-Wellar S, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for delayed onset muscle soreness and closed soft tissue injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd004713.pub2
  24. Bennett M, Heard R. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00129.x
  25. Xiong T, Chen H, Luo R, Mu D. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd010922.pub2
  26. Collet JP, Vanasse M, Marois P, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for children with cerebral palsy: a randomised multicentre trial. The Lancet. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04054-x
  27. Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Jia Y, et al. Adverse effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Medicine. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1160774
  28. Heyboer M, Wojcik SM, Grant WD, et al. Middle ear barotrauma in hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25558548/
  29. Costa DA, Ganilha JS, Barata PC, Guerreiro FG. Seizure frequency in more than 180,000 treatment sessions with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, a single centre 20-year analysis. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2019. https://doi.org/10.28920/dhm49.3.167-174
  30. Sheffield PJ, Desautels DA. Hyperbaric and hypobaric chamber fires: a 73-year analysis. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 1997. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9308138/

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